of the upper. This mode of procedure it would be very unjust to impute to the want of powers of evincing truth, wherever truth was his object. He had, certainly, in his " Crisis" and

Common Sense" displayed most penetrating acuteness and great force of argument. It was not from weakness that he reasoned upon assumptions, nor from confusion of ideas that he made unintelligible definitions: it was from dexterous art, and a versatility of genius, ac commodating itself to diversity of objects and persons, but adapting itself peculiarly to tliose, classes who would believe themselves convinced when they were only persuaded. It would be foreign to the purpose of this work to enter into the detail of Paine's "Rights of Man."

The amount of his theory is this: That no government is just, which is not actually, and has not been historically and originally, founded on what he calls the Rights of Man. He applies this general principle to existing governments, and finding that none of them are reconcileable to his notions of natural equality and the rights of man, except that of America and the new constitution of France, he proposes that all others shall be pulled down; but first, and especially, what we call the Constitution, and he the usurpation, of England. England exhibits a polity by no means conformable to the ideas of Thomas Paine. France he considers as approaching nearer to consummate perfec

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tion than America. One of the chief evils, contrary to this natural equality and rights of man, was the existence of artificial distinctions; such as rank, title, and corporate bodies. To level all distinction and rank, was one indispensable ingredient in every system established on these grounds. The inequalities subsisted to a great degree in Britain, as appeared from the King, the House of Peers, the House of Commons, the universities, and the accumulation 'of estates through the absurd rule of hereditary succession. He inveighs against a mixed government, as an unjust controul on the operation of the general will, and contrary to the rights of man. France, great advances had been made in the levelling system, and greater were likely to be made therefore England was a very bad government, and France a very good one, and likely to be still better. The English government, consequently, ought to be pulled down, and to be rebuilt upon the French model. Another reason for pulling down the English system was, that between seven and eight hundred years ago it had been conquered. This defect in its origin was an argument paramount to expediency from its present state. Mr. Thomas Paine has not proved from history, that governments, founded on these levelling principles, have been conducive to the purposes of good establishments-the happiness of society: he has not proved, from the constitution of the

human mind and experience of human nature, that men act better without CONTROUL than with it; and that there is an equality of capacity for government in all men; an equality necessary to render their government expedient. His theory is founded on an assumption, and is not supported by proof. It is not only not conformable, but is contrary, to experience; therefore it carries in it the grounds of disproof. Though inadmissible as a chain of reasoning, it certainly displays very great and variegated ability. There is a strong sarcastic humour in it, which, to many readers, supplied the deficiency of the reasoning: jokes passed for arguments, ludicrous stories for lucid illustration; lively invective was received for energetic eloquence, bold assertion for unanswerable demonstration.

The societies and clubs, fast increasing in number and divisions, testified the highest approbation of Paine's" Rights of Man ;" and very industriously, through their affiliations, spread cheap editions of it among the common people, in all parts of the kingdom; but especially in populous cities, towns, and villages. When we consider that Paine reprobates the polity of this country, and advises the people to unite and subvert it, and that the Revolution and Constitutional Societies in London, with affiliated clubs in other parts, praised and DISSEMINATED these doctrines among those who were most likely to swallow

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them, we can be at no great loss to comprehend the intention of the propagandists. Wherever tendency is obvious in the habitual conduct of men having the use of their reason, design may be fairly ferred.

Meanwhile, Burke, having received an answer from the gentleman to whom he had written his letter, replied in a second, entitled "A Letter to a Member of the National Assem. bly."

After retouching several subjects that he had brought forward in his REFLEXIONS, he proceeded to examine the French system in its institutions and principles, with their effects on mo. rals and manners. In his former treatise he had chiefly considered public and political consequences; in the present, he carries his view to private, social, and domestic happiness; and proves that their plans of education and civil regulations sprung from the same source of untried theory, and tended to the same disorder and misery. On the subject of juvenile tuition, he shews the extent of his knowledge, and the profoundness of his wisdom. He reprobates the principles by the French system inculcated on youthful minds, the precepts taught, and, the models exhibited. "Their great problem is to find a substitute for all the principles which hitherto have been employed to regulate the human will and action. They find dispositions in the mind, of such force and quality, as may

fit men, far better than the old morality, for the purposes of such a state as theirs, and may go much further in supporting their power, and destroying their enemies." He illustrates the principles instilled concerning parental affection, marriage, and other principal sentiments and relations of man; and knowing that Rous seau was the chief model held up to the imita tion of youth, whom they were enjoined, stimu、 lated, and exhorted to copy, analyses his character, to ascertain the effects likely to result from following such an example. He also cha. racterizes Voltaire, though with much less pro found investigation than Rousseau; and Hel* vetius more generally than Voltaire.

The next publication of Burke on French af. fairs was the " Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs." Before this comes under consi+ dération, it is necessary to recapitulate some parts of parliamentary history. In session 1790; after the discussion between him and Messrsi Fox and Sheridan, he had adhered uniformly to the sentiments he then avowed. He had ops posed the repeal of the Test-act, and à motion for a reform in parliament. Mr. Fox and he had still continued on terms of friendship, although they did not so frequently meet. In 1791, a bill was proposed for the formation of a constitution in Canada. In discussing it Burke entered on the general principles of legislation, considered the doctrine of the rights of man,