round, and others oblong; but those of the latter form were the distinguishing ornaments of the kings and noblemen, and were fastened on the breast. The front, or figured side of fig. 10, is rather convex, that of fig. 12, slightly concave, and at the back (fig. 11) are two projecting pieces, shewing how the tongue or clasp of the buckle was fastened. It went with a spring, and catched at the hook, exactly similar to the fibula of the Romans. The brass fibnla, fig. 3, Pl. III., which is of considerable antiquity, was found in the same tumulus. Pl. IV., fig. 1, an iron arrow head, used with the cross bow, found on Kingston hill with figure 2. Fig. 2, ancient halbert, found on Kingston hill. Fig. 4, gold ring, ploughed up at Bormer, formed of two bars of gold rudely twisted round each other, and united by a fillet at the extremity. It is probably of very high antiquity, and was presented to Mr. Mantell by the Earl of Chichester. Fig. 5 and 6, two pairs of bronze tweezers, or volsellæ, found in a tumulus, near Beddingham, with urns, beads, &c. Mr. Douglas', and other antiquaries consider them as instruments used by females. Fig. 8, 10, buckles, from a barrow at Beddingham. Fig. 9, a large bead of coarse pottery, probably worn as an amulet; found in an urn on Cliffe Hill. From this enumeration of the various relics that have been obtained from the barrows in the environs of Lewes, it does not appear, that any remains which can with certainty be attributed to the Romans, have been brought to light, if we except the few Roman coins that have been discovered in the vicinity of tumuli, and also the vessels of Samian pottery, that were dug up on Beeding Hill. We should not, indeed, expect to find many Roman instruments in tumuli, for that people were prohibited, by the law of the twelve tables, from raising mounds of 'Vide Nen. Brit. Pl. XIII. fig. 6., Pl. XV.fig.15. The following are among the splendid collection of British and Roman antiquities made by Richard Weekes, Esq., F.L.S., of Hurstperpoint. This valuable collection consists of coins, urns, beads, spear and arrow heads, spurs, celts, shields, &c., tastefully arranged, and which the enlightened possessor liberally offers to the inspection of the antiquary, or the curious enquirer. Several Roman weapons, &c., of brass and iron; among the rest a pair of very elegant armillæ, found on Newtimber race course; also two perfect querns, or mill-stones for hand-mills, A gold fibula, bearing the inscription Johannes est nomen ejus. A glass ball perforated, or rather a large bead, formed of numerous fragments of brilliant coloured glass, enveloped in a clear transparent globe of Brass celts from Ditchling Common, and with glass. It is impossible to convey any idea of this them masses of molten metal. Mr. Weekes con- singular piece of antiquity by description. It is supjectures that a manufactory of celts formerly ex-posed to have been Druidical; and was found in the isted there. A fine specimen of an umbo, discovered at Hammond Place, near St. John's Common. Sylva Anderida, near Hurst. Several very elegant specimens of Samian ware from Clayton hill, &c. &c. earth over their dead. Where Roman interments have been discovered they have generally been found with no tumuli over them: and their urns of fine earthenware and costly workmanship, together with their pateræ, and other sepulchral relics, have evinced their owners1. The barrows, whose products have been described, are to be regarded as of British, Saxon, or Danish origin. When stone celts have been found in tumuli, or beads, amulets, and other pendant ornaments, have been discovered in urns of rude manufacture and unbaked clay, the barrows may, with great probability, be considered as of British origin. Both the Saxons and the Danes were in the habit of burying with their dead knives, arrow and spear heads, swords, axes, and other implements of war; many of those described are probably owing to one or other of these people as are also many of the urns of unbaked clay, filled with human ashes. "When skeletons entire are found, without any mark of burning, they may rather be taken for Saxon than Danish, because the Saxons becoming Christians soon after their arrival, left off their heathenish mode of burning; though they still continued to raise high mounds, and to erect sumptuous monuments in honour of their dead slain in battle." Such are the produce of the tumuli, in the neighbourhood of Lewes. How little do we learn from them of the people by whom they were raised! Whilst the builders of the Egyptian pyramids are forgot, and even the design for which they were erected continues to be a question, on which to exercise the ingenuity of the curious, it is not surprising that the formers of these humble mounds should remain to us in a great degree unknown. Whether they are of British, of Saxon, or of Danish construction, must be left in much uncertainty, or guessed at only from the few relics that have been rescued from the ashes amongst which they were deposited by the hand of affection, when the funeral urn was committed to the earth. The ashes of the warrior, that have long rested undisturbed in the sepulchral urn, are now collected by the antiquary, and displayed in his cabinet, as if to proclaim the transitory nature of mortal glory, and the vanity of human greatness. "Vain ashes! which in the oblivion of names, persons, times, and sexes, have found unto themselves a fruitless continuation, and only arise unto late posterity as emblems of mortal vanities3.” ' Vide Douglas' Letter in Prov. Mag., No. 1. 2 Horda Angel-Cynnan, vol. 1., p. 64. CHAPTER IV. OF THE CLAIM OF LEWES TO BE CONSIDERED AS A ROMAN STATION. SECTION I. Of the Roman Cities within the Regnian Province. WITHIN the boundaries of the Regnian province, at least four large cities, were founded by the Romans. Three of these, Regnum, Anderida, and Mutuantonis were within the limits of Sussex. The fourth, Novio-Magus, the capital of the Bibroci, is believed to have been at Wallington, in the Parish of Bedington, in Surrey. REGNUM was referred by Camden and our earliest antiquaries, to Ringwood, in Hampshire, but on evidence by no means satisfactory. The discoveries that were made at Chichester, in the early part of the eighteenth century, seem to have established beyond a doubt, the claim of this city to a Roman original, and have afforded direct evidence, in proof of its having been the Regnum of the Romans. Many Roman coins and other indicia of antiquity had previously been found at Chichester and in the neighbourhood; but in 1773, the foundations of a Roman temple were discovered, and shortly after a slab of grey Sussex marble, six Roman feet long, and two and three-quarters broad, which, though ignorantly fractured by the workmen, the parts were ultimately collected, and the following inscription, by supplying a few letters, was deciphered :-" Neptuno et Minerva Templum, pro salute Domus divinæ, ex auctoritate Cogidubni regis legati Tiberii Claudii Augusti in Britannia, Collegium Fabrorum et qui in eo e Sacris [vel honorati] sunt, de suo dedicaverunt; donante aream Pudente, Pudentini filio1." Claudius, on his return to Rome, after his successful expedition in Britain, was honoured, not only with a land, but also with a naval triumph. This fact may account for the building being dedicated to Neptune, in conjunction with Minerva. The temple was evidently erected in the life time of Cogidubnus: who continued in his government, when Tacitus visited Britain, with his father in law, Agricola, between the years 70 and 85: and from the remark of this historian, that Cogidubnus continued “ad nostram usque memoriam fidissimus,” it is clear, that he had been exercising the regal office for some years. The temple then, was most probably raised in the time of Claudius, when this inscription was placed on its front. A number of other relics of antiquity, have been found since the discovery of the inscription, all of which tend to prove, that on the scite of the present city of Chichester, was formerly a Roman station, and that there were there erected habitations, upon a truly magnificent scale. Vestiges of rooms, with tessera and coins, portions of tessellated pavements, fragments of Roman tiles and pottery, have, at various times, been found within the circuit of this ancient city. ANDERIDA. The scite of the Roman station and city, called by Pancirollus, in his Notitia, Anderida, by the Britons, Caer Andred, and afterwards, by the Saxons, Andred, or Andredes-ceaster, has given rise to a variety of conjectures, and has called forth much antiquarian research. The learned Camden, and with Translation. "The college, or company of artificers, and they who preside over sacred rites, or hold offices there, by the authority of King Cogidubnus, the Legate of Tiberius Claudius Augustus in Britain, dedicated this temple to Neptune and Minerva, for the welfare of the imperial family; Pudens, the son of Pudentinus, having given the scite." Roger Gale, Esq., gave a learned and ingenious explication of this inscription, in the Philosophical Trans. No. 379, published in the year 1723; in which he says, that Cogidubnus in the inscription, was the same person who is mentioned by Tacitus, as having the government of several civitates in Britain, under the Romans. Dr. Stukely, generally agreed with the judicious elucidation of Mr. Gale, and thought that the Pudens mentioned in the inscription, as having given the ground upon which the temple was built, was Aulus Pudens, who married a British lady, Claudia Rufina, so much celebrated for her wit, beauty, and eloquence. It has been contended by some writers, that the Pudens and Claudia, mentioned by the apostle | Paul, 2 Tim. iv. v. 21, were the individuals here recorded: and that Claudia, who was the daughter of the celebrated Caractacus, had been converted to Christianity by the apostle, and had married this Pudens, a Roman senator. Dr. Stukely, however, dissents from this opinion, and is inclined to believe, that Claudia was the daughter of Cogidubnus, mentioned in the inscription, and that this name was given to her in honour of Claudius, the Roman Emperor, whose friendship the British chief had reason to prize. Claudia was celebrated by Martial in two of his epigrams: (see 13th in lib. iv. and 54th of lib. xi.) the latter is subjoined : Clandia cæruleis cum sit Rufina Britannis Di bene, quod sancto peperit fœcunda marito, * Letter of Mr. Clarke to Sir W. Burrell in the Burrell MSS. Brit. Mus. him, Selden, Lambard, and Drs. Plott and Harris, placed it at Newenden, in Kent': the sagacious Somner transferred it to Pevensey, founding his opinion on what Gildas says, that this fort, built by the Romans, was "in littore Oceani ad meridiem".-on the sea-shore, towards the south. Dr. Stukely places it at Chichester, with whom Gale seems once to have agreed, but finding Henry of Huntingdon's description of its ruined state, opposed to that opinion, he afterwards relinquished it3. Dr. Tabor, our Lewes antiquary, whose acuteness and extensive antiquarian knowledge, have gained him just renown, having discovered at Eastbourne Sea Houses, about four miles from Pevensey and half a mile south of Eastbourne, a Roman bath, and tessellated pavement, with widely spread foundations, fixed the scite of Anderida there: and this hypothesis has been sanctioned by Dr. Horsley, in his Britannia Romana, as also by Mr. Ward*. In the map published by Richard of Cirencester, who lived in the times of Richard II., the scite of Anderida is marked on the east side of a river, flowing close to the meridian line, into the British channel. The river Ouse is certainly nearer the meridian line, than any other stream on the coast, and from the The following are the reasons urged by Camden, for placing the city of Anderida at Newenden. Gough's Brit. vol. 1. p. 223. First, because the inhabitants affirm it to have been a very ancient town and harbour: next, because of its situation on the forest of Andredeswald, to which it gives its name: lastly, because the Saxons seem to have called it Brittenden, or the Briton's valley, whence the whole adjoining hundred has the name of Selbrittenden." The present town of Newenden, is supposed by him to have been so called in reference to the old town, which, he says, was destroyed by Hengist and Ella." Camden is certainly mistaken, at least in his last supposition, that the Brittenden of the Saxons, or the Anderida of the Romans, was destroyed by Hengist and Ella. Hengist was dead at least three years before Anderida was destroyed. This error he fell into, in endeavouring to fix Anderida in Kent, for he well knew that Hengist's conquests extended not beyond that county. Somner objects to Camden's supposition, that Newenden is too far removed from the sea to have been the scite of a station, which was expressly designed to protect the coast from the attacks of Pirates, and to which there was evidently a good harbour. The objection has been met by a bold hypothesis, that the sea in the time of the Romans actually flowed up to Newenden. "We have very good reason to believe that the sea did once flow *P up to this place," says Dr. Harris. And what are these reasons? first," Gildas says, that Andredceaster was "in littore oceani ad meridiem," [which takes for granted the very matter in dispute]; and secondly, that Twine (De rebus Albionici) saith that Romney Marsh was once 'Pelagus et mare velivolum.'" 2" Mr. Somner is inclined to think, that the ancient Anderida, where was the band of the Abulcæ, was here (Pevensey): grounding his conjecture on Gildas' words, which express the situation of this garrison to be, "In littore Oceani ad meridiem;" as also upon the design of them, which was to ken and spy out the invading enemy, and lastly upon the antiquity of the place, which Archbishop Usher makes the old Caer Pensavel-Coit of Brittany; the syllable Coit, which signifies wood, implying the ancient state and condition of the country, which was very woody.”—Magna Brittania, Sussex, p, 522. 3 Gough's Camden Brit., vol. i. p. 248. As it is probable that some readers may not have met with Dr. Tabor's account of his discoveries at Eastbourne, an abstract of what is inserted in No. 351, of the Philosophical Transactions, is here given :-"The pavement was little more than a foot below the ground, and its position was nearly due east and west. It was seventeen feet four inches in length, and eleven feet in breadth. On breaking up the outside of the pavement it was found, that instead of bricks set on |