doubt as guilty of simony, of which they had constituted themselves judges as well as avengers.i

Guido at length, after nearly nine years of silent strife, determined on an attempt to throw off the yoke. The churches of Milan were for the most part without ministers. The married clergy had been expelled, and there were none to take their place. A synod at

"Guido qui dicebatur archepis- | Vetando unam et propriam uxorem copus." And Ariald in his hour of centum fornicatrices ac adulteria mille martyrdom will not own Guido for concedis: præterea vitium detestabile archbishop.-Vit. Ariald. (ob quod quidam ex tuis simulantes sese caste vivere uxoribus falsâ religione dimissis, vitio imbuti detestabili, in theatro populi tracti, et in fronte decocti sunt), te amicè tangendo deter

k Among the most curious parts of Landulph's history, and among the most singular documents of his age, is his account of a conference held in the presence of Herlembald on the mar-reat." He indignantly inveighs against riage of the clergy. The speeches on the violence of the celibate faction: both sides are given at length. The "Thou hast separated us from our debate is opened by Guibert, the arch- wives, thou that art more righteous deacon, who boldly broaches the doc- than the Apostles; holier than the trine that all Christians, laity as well Prophets; purer than the Patriarchs; as clergy, are priests : "Forsitan not by justice, not by charity, but by cogitatis, quod de Laicis tantum dicat, spears and swords, and every kind of de quibus non est dubium habere persecution." He accuses them of conjugem. Omnes tamen, Laici et holding the ascetic doctrines of "those Clerici, quicunque sunt filii ecclesia, of Monteforte," who proscribed all sacerdotes sunt." Landulph, perhaps, connexion between the sexes. He has not done justice to the arguments repels the argument that a priest of Ariald; more than justice to his cannot offer at the altar, if polluted opponents. The most remarkable by contact with a wife. The priest speech of all, however, is that of who has a wife cannot serve God Andrew, "Sacerdos Decumanus." He faithfully, if he loves his wife more dwelt most vividly on the gross immo- than God: that is all. Yet Andrew ralities which as he believed-and he does not pretend to excuse a priest appealed to general experience-in- who marries after he is in orders; he evitably followed the interdiction of must suffer the penalty of that breach marriage to the clergy: "Et si mihi of discipline; but he protests against de naturâ humanâ non credis, maximè dissolving, even in the case of such non credis de ordine nostro, qui dum priest, the indissoluble union.-Lanmagis constringitur, amplius inlicitis dulph, iii. c. 25. Compare with this accenditur ; vel tibi, quod olim fuisti, Damiani's dispute with the chaplain vel eras, [vel] esse poteris, crede. | of Duke Godfrey, Epist. v. 13.

Novara (1065) summoned Herlembald and Ariald to render an account of their proceedings. Their answer was silent contempt. At length the sentence of excommunication was pronounced against Ariald and Herlembald as refractory. But the inflexible Ariald appealed to Rome. He sent letters to inquire what course was to be pursued with this bishop, whom he loaded with the appellations of simoniac and adulterer. Damiani again blew a fierce blast from his monastic trumpet, and urged on these indefatigable warriors to extirpate this Nicolaitan heresy, as Jesus, from whose mouth goes forth the two-edged sword, will hew down all his enemies, and pour their blood on the earth.m

But Ariald presumed beyond his strength. He had returned from Rome armed with full powers, with the ban of the Church pronounced against Guido, which had been extorted from the reluctant Pope by the more intrepid Hildebrand. The people of Milan had borne his tyrannous sway; they had aided him in his persecution of the married clergy, and of those accused of simony. But now the manifest object of Ariald and of Herlembald was the total subjugation of Milan to Rome, the abrogation of all her peculiar rights and privileges. When, therefore, Ariald began to interfere with the ritual, received by constant tradition from St. Ambrose himself to command a fast on certain days on which St. Ambrose had appointed no fast-to preach against, to treat as heathen a fast and procession on Ascension Day, instituted by St. Ambrose-he fell at once from the commanding height of his popularity." The factions of the different litanies met in conflict on more equal terms. The Archbishop himself, whose life had been in

m

Epist. v. 14.

Tristan Calchi, vi. 133.

danger during the strife, headed the insurrection. The whole of Milan was summoned to meet in the great church at Pentecost. Guido appealed to the people:"Let all who love S. Ambrose leave the church." Of seven thousand persons, but twelve remained with Ariald and with Herlembald. They stood near the altar to protect or to be protected by it. The partisans of Guido rushed to the attack; the clergy selected Ariald, the laity Herlembald, for their victim. Ariald was dragged from the church sorely wounded; Herlembald escaped better. At night his followers rallied, and rescued them both from their enemies. Six men, probably of note, were killed. The palace of the archbishop was stormed and pillaged. They then attacked the church. The aged Guido hardly escaped, sorely maltreated in the tumult. But the nobles, the more distinguished of the citizens, the vassals of the Church, would endure this tyranny no longer. Guido of Landriano placed himself at their head; the city was laid under interdict; no service was to be performed, no bell sounded, till Ariald should be driven from the city. So great was the fury of Milan against Ariald, that he fled to Legnano. He fell into the hands of Oliva, the niece of Archbishop Guido. She carried him to an island on the Lago Maggiore. There she demanded whether he would acknowledge Guido for archbishop (he had been excommunicated by Rome). long as my tongue can speak," he replied, "I will not acknowledge him." The servants of Oliva, after a more shameful mutilation, tore out his tongue, and left him half-dead. Landulph, his former colleague, had suffered before his death from a disease in the tongue; and thus, says the hostile historian, "God punished these men by the member which was the cause of all their wicked

June 28, 1066.

"As

ness." Ariald soon found and still holds his place as a martyr in the annals of the church.°

A.D. 1068-9.

The strife was not allayed by the death of Ariald, nor by the appearance of two Papal legates, the Cardinal Bishop of Sylva Candida, and the cardinal priest John Minuto. They passed strong constitutions against simony and the married clergy." Herlembald, who had fled to Pavia, returned, regained his power, and, openly supported by the Pope's authority, reorganised his tyranny. Guido, as he advanced in years, became more consciously incapable of rule. He had been archbishop twenty-seven years, the last ten of civil war. He determined to vacate the see: he burthened it with a fixed pension to himself, and then made it over to a certain Godfrey. To him he resigned the pastoral staff, and the ring of investiture bestowed by the Emperor. Godfrey crossed the Alps, and promised the King, if he would grant the investiture, to destroy Pateria (so the adversaries of the monastic party opprobriously named them), take Herlembald alive, and send him prisoner into Germany. The Emperor, won, or bribed, as it is said, ratified the appointment."

But Herlembald, who now conducted himself not merely as secular tyrant, but as a Pope, in Milan, refused to acknowledge Godfrey, expelled him from the city, and besieged him in Castiglione. Guido, not receiving his stipulated pension, annulled his resignation, and resumed his state as archbishop. But he unwisely

• The least credible part of Landulph, the historian's, story is the public confession of his errors, which he ascribes to Ariald, who humbly owns himself guilty of the blood of bunt."-Mansi, xix. his fellow-citizens, as the cause of q Benzo.

countless fornications, adulteries, and even worse crimes, among the clergy.

"Constitutiones, quas S. Legati Mediolanensibus observandas præscri

trusted himself to the faith of Herlembald; he was seized, and shut up in a monastery till his death."

Before the death of Guido, Herlembald had set up a certain Atto, nominated by himself with the legate of Rome by his side, and without regard to the Church of Milan or their liege lord the Emperor. Atto was but a youth, just entered into holy orders. The people were furious, rose and attacked the archbishop's palace, tore him from his refuge in an upper chamber, dragged him by the legs and arms into the church, and there compelled him to renounce his dignity. The Roman legate hardly escaped with his robes torn.

A.D. 1071-75.

During this strife Milan had suffered two dreadful fires, which burned down some of the finest churches, as well as a large part of the city. These calamities goaded the factions to more relentless cruelty as each party would attribute them to the direct wrath of God, so each would receive them as the summons to wreak vengeance on their adversaries, thus designated the foes of God as of themselves. Herlembald, now strong in the armed protection of the great Hildebrandt (we have reached his pontificate), maintained his power; yet so vigorous and inflexible was the party called that of the married clergy, that it prolonged the contest on the whole during twenty years," and obtained at last a temporary triumph in the death of Herlembald.*

Giulini, iv. 140; Verri, p. 173. • Atto was sanctioned as archbishop by the Pope in 1072.

* Landulph (the historian) says of Herlembald: "Solum Romani illius Hildebrandi auscultabat consultum."

u

"Crescebat quotidie numerus infidelium, et de die in diem numerus

minuebatur Paterinorum."- Bonizo, p. 813.

The enemies of Herlembald were the Capitanei and Valvassores (these Hullman interprets bas vassaux), the simple populace: "Dicentes se integritatem beati Ambrosii velle jurare."