were so in a remarkable degree. As I then possessed more than seven hundred skulls of birds, I collected and compared all those which presented a character similar to that which I had observed in the grebe. I saw with satisfaction, that all those which belonged to birds that have the habit of settling on their prey for a long time, or with an extreme attention, were precisely those which presented this configuration to whatever class they belonged. The names and drawings of the heads of the birds in which I met with this organization, are the following. The crested grèbe already mentioned; the great and the little cormorant, Pl. LV. fig 1 et 5; the blue heron; the bittern; and the aigrette; id. pl. fig. 2, 3, & 4; the guillemot, Pl. LIX. fig. 7; in the sea-swallows (les hirondelles de mer),* Pl. LIV. fig. 2 4, & 5; in the fisher martin, (le martin pecheur, id. pl. fig. 1.)

"I examined all these skulls, after placing them on a table, in such a manner as to be seen from behind, and was surprised at their resemblance in one point (see fig. 3. Pl. xcIII. No. 7), although they differed extremely in all the others. I was thus led to consider as primitive the particular faculty of being able to arrest, for a long time, their attention on one object, which certain animals possess, such as the setter dog, the fox, and the cat, among quadrupeds, and the grébe, the cormorants, and the fisher martin among birds. The convolution marked on the brain of the martin, Plate LXXV. fig. 7, and all the portion of the convolution placed after No. 12, on the brain of the cat, id. pl. fig. 2, is that which I consider as connected with the faculty in question. I have found this part very prominent in the exterior of the skull of the fox; it is much less so on that of the badger; it is very large in the skull of a hunting dog, which was presented to me by Dr Gaubert, and on the skulls of four excellent setter dogs, which make part of my collection.

"If there exists, as I am much disposed to believe, a similar organ in man, it ought, in my opinion, to occupy the part of the superior angle of the occipital bone, marked No. 7. Pl. LXXXIX. fig. 2, and the region immediately above (6) should be the organ of the choice of a dwelling place. +

"It must now be by means of observations, repeated a great many times, on persons whose habits are well known, that phrenologists must arrive at the certainty of there being, or not being, in the human species, a constant relation between the development of this part of the brain and the qualities attributed to it by Mr George Combe."

These skulls do not appear in this plate, No. LIV, in Dr Vimont's atlas. "As to the lower animals, I consider it as almost demonstrated. I beseech my readers to peruse what Mr Combe has written on this faculty in man. His remarks appear to me worthy of the attention of Phrenologists. I should have presented them entire in this volume, if I had not found myself compelled to confine myself within certain limits,” p. 216.

ARTICLE XI.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE FACULTY OF CONCENTRATIVENESS, as proposed by Mr GEORGE COMBE, as a substitute for the FACULTY of INHABITIVENESS of Dr SPURZHEIM. By T. Bernard de LA FOSSE, Member of the Phrenological Society of Paris. Read before the Phrenological Society of Paris, in March 1836.)

THE appellation of Concentrativeness, and still further the sphere of activity ascribed by Mr George Combe, to the faculty described by Dr Spurzheim, under the name of Inhabitiveness, appear to me to be little in accordance with the results of observation.

sepa

Dr Spurzheim was supported by indisputable facts in rating the sentiment of Self-esteem from that species of manifestation which, in man and the lower animals, results from the constant choice of the same places and of the same regions, by individuals of the same species. Daily experience shows, that the instinct of Inhabitiveness is a primary or innate faculty, very different from that of Self-esteem; in fact, these two faculties are, in many individuals, found developed in very dif ferent degrees. A few remarks on the faculty of Locality, as opposed to that of Inhabitiveness, may, perhaps, serve to prove the existence of the latter.

Observation shews, that when the organ of Inhabitiveness is strongly developed and very active in an individual, that of Locality is generally small; and that, on the contrary, when Locality is greatly developed, Inhabitiveness is small. Some individuals certainly present these organs equally well developed and active, and in this case there will be on the part of both an equal tendency to action, a struggle, as it were, between the two, accompanied by alternate gratification, depending on the varying influence of the other organs, and on external circum

stances.

It is a matter of no small difficulty to induce individuals possessed of a large organ of Inhabitiveness to move from a place; they are close housekeepers, they never leave their country, or even their house, and the most attractive amusements cannot determine them to leave their home, even for a few days, although the change be attended neither by expence nor fatigue, solely because they cannot exist if they break through the circle of their sedentary habits. If to this

The preceding article, translated from the work of Dr Vimont, strongly supports Mr Combe's views of Concentrativeness. The following also very able essay controverts them. It was transmitted by the author to Mr Combe in MS. and we have translated and now present it to our readers.-EDIT.

+ We have not observed this fact; on the contrary, we frequently see large Inhabitiveness and large Locality combined in the same individual.-EDIT.

great development of Inhabitiveness, there be joined an equally large development of Order and Caution, this species of character reaches an extreme, and gives rise to those curious cases of eccentricity which every one must have observed.

To determine more positively the functions of Inhabitiveness, it would be desirable that numerous observations were made on patients affected with nostalgia, particularly on those whose malady arises solely from removal from their native soil, without any complication of other particular affections, as sometimes happens. Dr Spurzheim, indeed, considers nostalgia as a compound affection resulting from Inhabitiveness and Adhesiveness; but judging from the functions which he himself attributes to Inhabitiveness, it does not appear to me that the intervention of Adhesiveness is necessary to account for simple nostalgia.

In fact, Inhabitiveness has for its special action “the instinct of residence, and for its abuse the desire to remain in one place." But nostalgia, from yooros, return, and aλyos, depression of spirit, signifies literally, depression of spirit caused by desire of return. Nostalgia, therefore, is simply an abuse, or a diseased state, of the organ of Inhabitiveness, or instinct of residence alone. Mr George Combe describes nostalgia as an affection simply of Adhesiveness, but his error here is so manifest that it is needless to combat it.*

I am the more inclined to believe, that the faculty of Inhabitiveness exists in man and in the lower animals, such as it has been described by Dr Spurzheim, as it has been remarked that the greater number of the conscripts attacked by nostalgia belonged to Auvergne, Dauphiny, La Vendée, Anjou, Britany, and other mountainous districts, in a word, to the less civilized parts of the country, where the inhabitants have a strong affection for the soil which gave them birth, for their usages, and customs, and ceremonies of every description. The deficiency of means of communication, and their few commercial relations, combine to make the intellectual as limited as the visual horizon. Many of their faculties remain inactive, or are exercised only in a very limited sphere. These faculties are, in general, antagonists of that of Inhabitiveness; they have therefore but few means to combat and balance the activity of this faculty, the power of which is further augmented by the kindred faculties of Veneration, Wonder, Hope, Firmness, Self-esteem, &c.

The districts mentioned above, Dauphiny, Auvergne, Ven

Mr Combe's observation is simply this." Nostalgia is supposed to result from disease of the organ" (viz. Adhesiveness). The organs of Adhesiveness are very large in the Swiss skulls in possession of the Phrenological Society, and those of Inhabitiveness are moderate or small, yet the Swiss are remarkable for their liability to nostalgia.- EDITOR.

dée, Anjou, and Britany, have always furnished a larger number of deserters than the other provinces, a fact which certainly cannot be attributed to a want of courage, as the inhabitants of those regions are brave and courageous, and have often given incontestible proofs of their possession of these qualities. The woody and mountainous nature of these countries undoubtedly offers more opportunities of concealment from the authorities. But this quality of country is only incidental; it may, indeed, have served to increase the number of refractory persons or de serters, but it cannot have been the predisposing cause of their desertion any more than their political opinions, which at the same period have differed from, and been opposed to, those of other parts of the country. I believe that the cause must be referred to attachment to the soil, to their native district; distinguished from what is usually comprehended under love of country, which is a very compound affection.

It is a constant fact, that the inhabitants of mountainous countries, when contrasted with those of the plains, display, in general, a greater attachment to the soil. They are also more haughty, have a greater portion of Self-Esteem, and their manners are more severe. It was this coincidence, doubtless, which led Gall into error in his first observations upon the faculty of Self-Esteem, which, as is well known, he at first denominated the Instinct of Pride.

Owing to the want of means of communication, the inhabitants of mountainous countries are more savage than those of the plains. Commerce and civilization rarely penetrate into the recesses of the country, and it is therefore not astonishing that the action of Inhabitiveness should be felt with more than ordinary force. Every one knows, for example, that the Scotch Highlanders consider themselves far superior to the inhabitants of the Lowlands. The Dalecarlians in Sweden, the Montenegrians, the Souliotes, the Circassians, and in general all mountaineers, have always been remarkable for their noble pride and their love of independence. History shews us, that with every people, love of independence and pride have always stood in the inverse ratio to the degree of their civilization.†).

Moreover, in individuals who delight in travelling, the organ of Locality is fully developed, while that of Inhabitiveness is small. In the majority of women the organ of Locality is less

*We regret that Mons. de la Fosse does not inform us regarding the cerebral development of the inhabitants of these mountainous districts.-Edit. †The Hindoos inhabit plains; nevertheless, the organs of Concentrativeness, Inhabitiveness, and Self-esteem, are very nearly as largely developed in proportion to the other organs in them, as in the Scotch Highlanders.EDITOR.

This proposition is too general. The subject is discussed in this Journal, vol. ii. p. 598, and vol. iii. p. 223.

developed than in men, but that of Inhabitiveness is larger, and their whole education, indeed, tends to increase this latter organ. Females, who have the organ of Locality fully developed, are not at liberty, in general, to gratify it completely, and such are often heard to regret that they are not men, in order that they might satisfy their longing for travel.

It is much to be desired, that a series of numerous and complete observations were made on the faculties of Inhabitiveness and Locality, in order to determine precisely the sphere of activity of the former, and to this end the lower animals, particularly dogs, might furnish valuable indications. There are some greyhounds which are very eager in the chace, which are not afraid to separate themselves from the huntsmen or the other dogs, and to penetrate into a country which is totally unknown to them. They may go astray for a moment, but they never lose themselves. There are others, on the contrary, which are so afraid of losing themselves, that they keep continually close upon the heels of the sportsmen, and begin to howl most plaintively as soon as they lose sight of them, or of the other dogs, or have lost their track. When by chance they again fall in with a huntsman, they give unequivocal testimony of their joy, and can on no account be persuaded to leave him for fear of again losing themselves. Some of these, too, are possessed of excellent qualities, which become apparent in a country with which they have become acquainted, and these qualities only prevent their masters from disposing of them.

Among the former, those, namely, which possess a great facility in finding their way, and recollecting places, are some which often change their master, and consequently, also, their habitation; but notwithstanding the possibility thus presented to them, of returning to their former master, they are never known to do so. Inhabitiveness with them, then, is little developed. Others, on the contrary, return to their former habitation, as soon as an opportunity offers; the deprivation of food and the bad treatment which there await them, cannot tire their perseverance, nor can they be influenced by good treatment and good food to return to their new master. Inhabitiveness in them will be found largely developed and very active. Among the class which have not the faculty of finding their way and of recollecting places, those two characters will also be found; but with this difference, that those which leave their new home will in general be unable to find the old. It is to be remarked, that among greyhounds Adhesiveness is never very great nor very much exercised, so that it is hardly possible to confound its effects with those of Inhabitiveness.

There will doubtless be found in these different cases, a de