lours upon a second screen. I then, by means of another prism, directed the blue spot to the same part of the second screen on which the red appeared, where they united and produced a violet as pure and intense as that upon the spectrum. I did the same with the blue and yellow and produced the prismatic green; as also with red and yellow, and orange was the result. I tried, in the same manner, to mix a simple with what I thought a compound colour, but they did not unite, for no sooner was the red spot thrown on the green than it disappeared. It therefore appeared to me that these three colours have an affinity to one another that did not exist in the other, and that they could not be the same in every respect, except colour and refrangibility, as had hitherto been taught." The analogy between each of the three fundamental colours and its harmonic accompaniments as forming a triad, and each of the three fundamental notes of music, as likewise harmonized into triunity, is as striking as it is correct. Mr Hay has followed out the analogy, and, after Field, in his Essay on the Analogy and Harmony of Colour, has laid down on score, as the musicians say, a chromatic scale of colours, side by side, and in perfect coincidence with, the musical diatonic series. He adds, "By the combination of any two of these primary colours, a secondary colour of a distinct kind is produced; and as only one absolutely distinct denomination of colour can arise from a combination of the three primaries, the full number of really distinct colours is seven, corresponding to the seven notes in the complete scale of the musician. Each of these colours is capable of forming an archeus, or key, for an arrangement to which all the other colours introduced must refer subordinately. The reference and subordination to one particular colour, as is the case in regard to the key-note in musical composition, gives a character to the whole."

Considerable aid to our analogy may be derived from morbid manifestation. Miss S. L., when suffering acute pain along the eyebrows, including the organ of Colouring, not only saw objects coloured which did not exist externally, but bright luminous balls "pouring like a torrent out of the room down the stairs; bright spots like stars on a black ground filling the room both in the dark and daylight; and sudden and sometimes gradual illumination of the room during the night, so that the furniture in it became visible."* In this last illusion, plainly, Miss S. L. did not see light but coloured objects, and her luminous balls and stars were only bright colours. Mr John Hunter saw the fire assume a colour of deep purple. The Opium Eater had visions of "insufferable splendour."+

* Vol. ii. p. 295.

+ Vol. ii. pp. 427, 428.

Dr Macnish states in his "Philosophy of Sleep," that he was for some time visited by the illusion of a brilliantly lighted theatre.* To these other cases might be added. It thus appears that light may be perceived without any external luminous body acting upon the retina, in the same way as colour may. Many of the spectre-patients recorded in the Phrenological Journal, felt pain between and along the eye-brows; and while some saw brilliant lights and coloured objects, and others coloured objects only, there is good reason to conclude, especially from Miss S. L.'s case, that a morbid action of the organ of Colouring would produce the luminous illusion. We observe that when treating of Miss S. L.'s case, ten years ago, we referred her luminous visions to a diseased action of that organ, an allotment which we have never seen reason to question. But this is not all. The analogy between colour and sound derives another aid from these cases of disease. The perception of Sound was also illusively affected in Nicolai, who after some time "began to hear his spectres speak;" so did Miss S. L., and so did the Opium Eater. He heard, as he

says,

"The airy tongue that syllable men's names."

The organ in question is in immediate contact with the superorbitar ridge, and might easily get into morbid action by sympathy. Miss S. L. not only heard voices talking, but music, both vocal and instrumental; and Dr Macnish adds, to his vision of the theatre, that he could get quit of the visible part by opening his eyes, to return when he closed them; "but though I could thus dissipate the spectacle, I found it impossible to get rid of the accompanying music; this was the grand march in the opera of Alladin, and was performed by the orchestra with more superb and imposing effect, and with greater loudness than I ever heard it before; it was executed indeed with tremendous energy."+ We have here evidence that morbid excitement produces not only colour, but bright light, and that both are perceived in the same morbid state with sounds of voices, and these with music.

Such are our reasons for concluding that it would be more philosophical to speak of the faculty of Sound than of Tune; and of Tune as a higher manifestation of the perception of Sound; but both manifestations of the same faculty. That the full force of these reasons may be seen as they support each other, we offer the following recapitulation. 1st, Sound is the result of

* Vol. viii. p. 562.

† While we write, we have received from Glasgow the melancholy accounts of the death, by typhus fever, of this acute-minded philosopher, able phrenologist, and excellent man; cut off, alas! in the flower of his age, the midst of his usefulness, and bloom of his fame.

a quality of matter, and therefore must have a faculty for its perception. 2d, The faculty must be a knowing faculty, and, as such, should have an organ situated in the anterior lobe of the brain; but the only organ which has been observed in that region connected with Sound, is that which has hitherto been denominated the organ of Tune. 3d, The perception, and, to a certain degree, the discrimination of sound is necessary to our safety, and is therefore a faculty possessed by the whole human race. 4th, The perception and enjoyment of sounds in musical relation is not possessed by the whole human race, but only by a part of them, and therefore cannot be the radical base of a faculty. 5th, The perception of sounds, and the perception of the musical relation of sounds, are powers differing in degree and not in kind, because ALL sounds whatever are essentially musical sounds, and therefore must be perceived by one and the same faculty, though in different degrees. 6th, There is a close analogy between colour and sound. But the same faculty perceives simple colours, and likewise their harmonies in painting; and therefore it is inferred that the same faculty perceives simple sounds and their harmonies in music.

We would by no means rest satisfied with a mere argument, however convincing, for the change which we have advocated. Much may be done by observation of the manifestations, both in discrimination and musical relation, in persons differently endowed with the organ hitherto called Tune. The experiments will necessarily be extremely delicate, if not difficult; but not more so than experiments on light, electricity, and magnetism, and many other scientific objects; and talent will adopt ingenious aids in the one as well as the other. Before comparative trials are made of the discriminating powers of different persons differently organized, the powers of mere hearing, in each, should be ascertained, by the simple process of marking the distance at which the same sound, and that of the same intensity, such as the fall of the same small stone or bullet on the same wooden board from the same height measured on a pole,ceases to be audible. The auditory power being found equal in the different persons, or allowed for, sounds varying in different degrees in their quality and pitch may be tried upon the same persons, and their observations on their difference noted; observing if there be a point at which any of them cease to discriminate, while others, and these the musical subjects, can still perceive distinctions.

ARTICLE VII.

CASE OF DISEASE OF THE BRAIN, WITH CORRESPONDING AFFECTION OF THE MIND. By ABRAM COX, M. D.

ABOUT the middle of November 1836, Dr Spittal and myself were requested to visit Mrs B., a woman about the age of 68, who was at that time confined to bed. We found that about six weeks before, she had apparently an attack of apoplexy, which produced paralysis of the lower extremities. From the condition she was then in (sloughing having commenced on the back), it was evident that she could not survive many days. Her death accordingly took place on the 28th. At our first and subsequent visits, I learned the following particulars regarding her. She was naturally of a somewhat harsh, but very pious disposition; she was a most regular attender of the church, and was in the habit of performing family worship daily; she belonged originally to the Scottish Presbyterian church, but afterwards joined a Baptist congregation, and latterly had no fixed place of worship. About four years before the date of our visit, she met with several family afflictions, by which, however, she seemed little affected. Shortly after, while drinking tea with a friend, she was attacked by a fit, which appears from the description of it to have been apoplectic. She to a certain extent recovered from this; a considerable change, however, occurred in the state of her mind. The principal feature of this was the increased warmth of her devotional feelings; her conversation being generally interspersed with quotations from the Bible, references to a future state, and the name of the Deity. She also occasionally saw visions having the same tendency; for example, of her children inviting her to a future life of happiness. It may be remarked, too, that she never expressed a doubt regarding her own salvation, but, on the contrary, spoke of it as a certainty. This continued till her second apoplectic attack, which gave rise to the paralysis, and a state of mind bordering on dementia. Even then her devotion remained a prominent mental manifestation.

This account, as exact as can be expected from persons of the rank of life of her relations, meagre as it is, is abundantly sufficient to establish the case as one of religious monomania; the more so when it is considered that the principal facts were elucidated from her son and daughter before her death, by the simple expression of a desire on my part to know her mental condition, and that the increase of her religious feelings after her first apoplectic attack, was pointedly insisted on by them.

The morbid appearances presented by the brain will be found fully to coincide with these symptoms. The brain was examined by Dr Spittal, Dr Macdonald, and myself. On removing it from the skull, serum to the amount of 6 or 8 oz. escaped. A moderate degree of effusion existed between the convolutions generally over the brain. There were several small adhesions between the opposed surfaces of the arachnoid membrane on the right side, about the centre of the coronal region. There was no unusual vascularity of the membranes. At the posterior part of the organ of Imitation on the right side, the brain presented a depression about an inch in length from before backwards, and about three-fourths of an inch broad, Occupying the whole breadth of the convolution. Fluctuation was perceptible under the depression. On making an incision, the substance of the convolution was found reduced at that spot to a state of complete fluidity, with the exception of an almost imperceptible layer of gray matter lining the pia mater. On tracing the ramollissement, it was found to extend, in a rather firmer state than the part already mentioned, downwards, backwards, and slightly inwards, into the white substance of the organ of Veneration, nearly the whole of which it occupied, leaving the gray matter of the superior surface untouched. It reached downwards as far as the roof of the lateral ventricle, without penetrating it. From this nidus of ramollissement there extended one or two smaller prolongations towards the left, forming a communication between it and a second nidus, occupying the gray substance on the right side of the great interlobular fissure, equallying in length the corpus callosum. The greatest breadth of this nidus was in the middle, where it reached from within half an inch of the superior surface of Veneration, down to the corpus callosum. It gradually diminished almost to a point at each end. The organs of Veneration and Imitation were thus extensively implicated; the adjacent ones of Hope and Wonder were encroached on to a small extent, and Benevolence still more slightly, and the whole of the long convolution above the corpus callosum, whose use is not yet known. There was also a small tubercular looking body in the white substance, about the junction of the middle and posterior thirds of the brain on the same side. The lateral ventricles had evidently been distended by two or three ounces of serum which had escaped on the removal of the brain from the skull. No other morbid appearance was found in any part of the brain or cerebellum. The basilar artery and its branches were lined with thick cartilaginous plates to a considerable extent.

We have, then, in this case a remarkably accurate and minute correspondence between the symptoms and the state of the brain. The lesion of Veneration is distinctly indicated by the