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covered, it is my decided opinion, that he who teaches and trains upon phrenological principles, will experience a constantly increasing attachment to his profession, will invariably secure the affectionate esteem of his pupils, and will, as a necessary consequence, succeed in giving them a thorough EDUCATION, moral, intellectual, and physical. I write this not in a theorizing spirit, but from several years' extensive experience."" In History, the use of Phrenology is truly valuable. In fact, till I knew something of this beautiful system of mental philosophy, I never taught History properly, or, I may add, any thing else." A similar statement is made by William Hunter, Esq. A. M., late Professor of Logic in the Andersonian University, Glasgow, and present teacher of the classical department in the Grammar-School of Paisley.

Dr William Weir, Lecturer on the Practice of Medicine at the Portland Street Medical School, Glasgow, formerly Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary, and one of the Editors of the Glasgow Medical Journal, says, "Being myself firmly convinced, after many years' study of the subject, and numerous observations, that Phrenology is the true philosophy of the mind, I have taught it, in my lectures delivered to medical students, as the correct physiology of the brain; and I consider it impossible to give a proper view of the functions of the brain on any other but phrenological principles. In my lectures on the practice of medicine, also, I have, during the last five years, applied the principles of this science towards the elucidating the nature and treatment of Insanity."

Dr John Mackintosh, Surgeon to the Ordnance Department in North Britain, Lecturer on the Principles of Pathology and Practice of Physic, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Member of the Medico-Chirurgical and Wernerian Natural History Societies of Edinburgh, of Montreal, Heidelberg, and Brussels, makes the following statement:"The more closely I study nature, in health and disease, the more firm are my convictions of the soundness of the phrenological doctrines. I regard Phrenology as the true basis of the science of mind, and as such am persuaded it will be found highly conducive to the successful teaching of Logic."

The Honourable Judge Crampton, formerly Fellow and Professor of Law in Trinity College, Dublin, is "persuaded that Phrenology is amongst the most important of the acquisitions made to the stock of modern knowledge, and that upon it must be based every sound system of philosophy."

Dr James Johnson, Physician Extraordinary to the King, and editor of the Medico-Chirurgical Review, says, "I have long been convinced that the science of mind can only be understood and taught properly by those who have deeply

studied the structure and functions of its material instrument—› the brain. I am convinced that, in this world, mind can be manifested only through the medium of matter, and that the metaphysician who studies mind independent of its corporeal organ, works in the dark, and with only half of his requisite tools. Without subscribing to all the details of Phrenology, I believe its fundamental principles to be based on truth.”

Appended to Mr Combe's Testimonials are a number of others, which Sir George Mackenzie had collected for the purpose of satisfying Lord Glenelg, Secretary for the Colonies, that Phrenology might be advantageously employed in the classification of convicts sent to New South Wales. Sir George's attention was strongly called to this subject by a horrible slaughter recently committed on his sons' estate in that country. These certificates are equally strong with the others; and we are prevented only by want of space from quoting several of them. Their number is upwards of forty, and among the writers are found some of the most eminent medical teachers and practitioners in the United Kingdom.

With regard to "The Suppressed Documents," it is sufficient to say, that, The Scottish Guardian, a Glasgow newspaper, having, in a notice of the candidates for the Logic Chair, made certain misrepresentations as to Mr Combe's lectures on moral philosophy last winter, and the reception which they met with from the audience, he sent to the conductors a reply to these misrepresentations, with two "documents" in its supportnamely, a letter on his views respecting the corruption of human nature and the sanctification of the Sabbath, which he had written to a member of the Town-Council of Edinburgh; and a report (previously published in The Edinburgh Chronicle) of his concluding lecture on moral philosophy, referring to an attack made upon the teachers of science in the prospectus of The Scottish Christian Herald. These documents the conductors of the Guardian refused to publish, even as advertisements; so that Mr Combe was under the necessity of issuing them in the form of a pamphlet.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES.

EDINBURGH.-Mr Combe's lectures on Moral Philosophy, founded on Phrenology, were brought to a close on 21st March. The number of holders of tickets admitting to the course was 514, besides whom 495 visitors were admitted at Is. each. Mr Simpson terminated his lectures in the Cowgate Chapel in April, on which occasion he was presented by the audience with a silver medal, bearing an appropriate inscription. Mr Sidney Smith is at present engaged in delivering a course of weekly lectures on Phrenology in the same chapel. The admission fee continues to be one penny.

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GLASGOW. A desire having been expressed by many gentlemen of this city, that a course of lectures should be delivered by Mr Combe, a requisition to him to do so was subscribed in a short time by upwards of 120 names. consequence he gave fourteen lectures on Phrenology in April last. These, says the secretary of the committee, 66 were attended each night by audiences of upwards of five hundred, a portion of whom were ladies. The audience comprised the most respectable classes of the city, and among them many of our most talented citizens.-The applications for tickets for single lectures could not on many occasions be fully supplied, and had a larger hall been attainable previous to the commencement of the course, a considerable addition to the regular class would have been got.-Each lecture lasted upwards of an hour and a half, and the audience throughout manifested great interest in the sub. ject; and few, I believe, have seen so large a body of ladies and gentlemen listen with so much eagerness to lectures on any of the sciences as was done during the whole of Mr Combe's course."

MONTROSE.-On Friday 29th April, Mr W. A. F. Browne concluded a course of lectures on Phrenology, delivered to the members of the Mechanics' Scientific Institution. Six prizes were distributed to the most successful competitors in the phrenological class.

LAUDER. Letter to the Editor from Mr William Tait, Surgeon, dated Lauder, 28th April 1836:-" It gives me much pleasure and satisfaction to be able to inform you, that the desire for information on Phrenology in this district is still on the increase. Before the winter of 1835 the subject was scarcely heard of; and the principles of the science were, by the very few who had heard or read of them, treated with ridicule and disdain. It was easily discovered, on talking over the subject with any of those who hazarded an opinion regarding the claims of the science, that they were grossly ignorant of them, and probably had never read any of the standard works upon the subject. To this I am the more inclined to adhere, as some of them confessed that all their information on the subject was presented to them through the distorting medium of the Edinburgh Review. It is but justice to the inhabitants of this town to say, that now they have given the subject a fair hearing. You are aware that I delivered a short course of lectures last year, which were attended by about twenty-four persons, principally mechanics. I was still desirous that they should be better informed concerning the principles, and I undertook a second course of eight lectures this spring, which were attended by upwards of forty individuals, some of whom were the most respectable persons in the town and neighbourhood. At the conclusion of the course, Mr John Romanes, town-clerk, expressed his approbation of the course I had pursued in bringing the subject under their notice, and the satisfaction he had experienced while attending the lectures; and, in the name of all those who honoured me with their attendance, returned thanks for the trouble and exertion I had put myself to in their behalf. He farther stated his willingness to defray the expenses incurred by the present course, and expressed a hope that I would again, next winter, resume the task, when he would be most happy to attend. The results of these lectures are very encouraging. The Mechanics' Library has got two copies of Combe's Constitution of Man, and one copy of his Elements of Phrenology. Considerable attention is now paid to Phrenology, theoretically and practically, and many

are true converts.

LIVERPOOL AND ManchesteR. In April Mr James Simpson, advocate, was invited by the Educational Committee of the Town Council of Liverpool to give there a course of lectures upon Moral and Educational Philosophy. A similar invitation was received from Manchester. He has complied with both, and in each town his lectures attract numerous audiences. In Liverpool the morning course is attended by 150 ladies and gentlemen, and the evening course by upwards of 400. In Manchester his audience, when we last heard of him, was 600, and always increasing. His committee had procured for him the lecture-theatre of the Mechanics' Institution (the Athe

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neum), a hall which has never before been given for the use of a public audience. His first lecture was delivered in the Court-room, Brown Street; but it was immediately felt that more ample accommodation would be required -a conclusion fully justified by the event. The lectures, we observe, are highly spoken of in the Manchester and Liverpool journals. Mr Simpson has received invitations to lecture in Birmingham and several other large English towns; but we understand that his engagements will not permit of compliance with them at present.

YORK.-On Saturday evening last (13th February), Mr Sandwith of Beverley, surgeon, gave an interesting lecture upon the science of Phrenology at the York Dispensary, which was attended by a numerous auditory. He traced the rise and progress of the science from 1796, when it was discovered by Gall, to 1800, when it was further elucidated by Dr Spurzheim ; and subsequently noticed at great length the labours of that eminent man, in the pursuit of his favourite study. The lecturer expressed his strong opinion in favour of the science; and, by the aid of moulds and casts, explained the anatomy of the brain, and the development of the organs, with their situations. He noticed the attacks that had been made upon this science by the Edinburgh Review, which had described it as trash, despicable trumpery, and quackery from one end to the other. This attack had been ably answered by Dr Spurzheim, in the reviewer's own lecture-room, in a manner which called forth the warmest approbation. In France the science was making rapid strides, and most of the eminent French physicians were now members of the Phrenological Society in Paris; although, at one period, this science having received the opposition of Napoleon, the whole profession set their face against it. He also noticed a variety of other opponents against whom it had grappled; and related at great length the immense accumulation of facts in favour of the science, collected by the inspection of prisons, schools, hospitals, colleges, and palaces, and a strict examination of the formation of the heads of distinguished individuals. The lecturer then described the seat of the several organs, and the order in which they were arranged. In conclusion, he descanted at some length upon the great advantages, moral and physical, which it was calculated to confer upon the human race, and trusted that his arguments would be fairly and candidly considered by his auditors. An animated debate ensued, in which Dr Wake, Dr Belcombe, Dr Rawdon, Mr Russell, Mr Newman, and Mr Tate took part. The former of these gentlemen, whilst he was willing to admit that the brain was constituted of several organs, and was not one entire organ, still was sceptical as to the organs being so particularly demonstrated on the skull as was alleged by the phrenologists. He also expressed his dissent from the system adopted by Dr Spurzheim, in examining the patients at the York county asylum. Dr Wake accompanied him there, and he was surprised to find that Dr Spurzheim made inquiries as to the peculiarities of the patients, before he gave any opinion from observation of their heads; and then his opinion always concurred with the information he received.-Dr Belcombe opposed the system of Phrenology on two grounds; 1st, That the anatomy of the brain, as described, was wrong; 2d, That no standard was fixed, by which they could ascertain to what size the organs of Destructiveness, Veneration, or any others, should be developed. He also deprecated the system, as having a tendency to materialism.-Dr Rawdon observed that the simple propositions of Gall had been refuted; but its present advocates had hedged it in by uncertainties; consequently the more the science advanced to maturity, the more obscure it had become. The lecturer replied to the arguments advanced against the science, and cited cases in which Dr Spurzheim had given his opinion without any previous information; which opinion had always been correct. A vote of thanks was given to the lecturer, and the meeting separated.-Abridged from the Yorkshire Gazette, 20th February 1836.

DONCASTER.-In February last, a keen phrenological controversy took place at the Lyceum here. The science having been attacked in a lecture by the

Rev. Mr Bromley, Mr J. L. Levison, a week afterwards, delivered a lecture in reply. The room was on both occasions crowded to excess. Mr Levison's observations lasted more than three hours, and we have seen a long report of them in the Doncaster Gazette. A discussion of the arguments advanced by both lecturers took place on Friday 26th April, and is fully reported in the Gazette of 4th March. Mr Bromley, who spoke first, charged Phrenology with the sin of leading to fatalism and subverting human responsibility. He maintained that the chemical composition of the brain and spinal marrow is the same, and " thence inferred that it was out of analogy, and unphilosophic, to give reason, sentiment, and moral disposition, to a substance in the cranium, and deny them to the same substance in the vertebræ." Various other objections, equally conclusive, were urged by Mr Bromley and others. A discussion then ensued as to whether Mr Levison should reply forthwith, and it was finally resolved to adjourn to the following evening, Saturday the 27th, at seven o'clock. The discussion was accordingly resumed on Saturday evening, when the room was again filled with members, whose interest in the subject appeared to suffer no abatement. After a long debate, it was moved that farther argument on Phrenology should be adjourned sine die. This motion was met by an amendment, that the future consideration of the subject should be referred to the Committee; which was carried by a small majority. The thanks of the meeting were given to Mr Levison, and at eleven o'clock the members separated.

NEWCASTLE. On the evening of Thursday the 5th May, in compliance with the requisition of the Phrenological Society, Mr J. Fife delivered a lecture on Phrenology at the Literary and Philosophical Society. Mr Greenhow, one of the vice-presidents, was requested to take the chair. The room was so crowded that numbers had to return, being unable to gain admittance. The lecturer commenced by observing that he complied with the request of the Phrenological Society, in delivering this public lecture, with some alacrity, because he considered Phrenology a science which taught the system of moral philosophy, most practically useful for the purposes of education, and most satisfactory, as affording a philosophical defence against the doctrines of materialism. He then proceeded to shew, by recapitulating the outline of a former lecture, that, from the earliest periods, mankind had associated ideas of moral excellence with certain configurations of the head, as illustrated by the greatest poets of ancient and modern times, including Homer, Shakspeare, and Milton, and proved that, from the earliest works of the Greek sculptors, down to the latest of the Italian and Flemish schools of painting, artists had been constant to the same principle. Mr F. then referred to the works of Aristotle, of Albertus Magnus, Petrus Montagnana, Ludovico Dolci, D'Aubenton, Blumenbach, and Camper, to prove the gradual progress of the principles of Phrenology amongst philosophers and physiologists. The lecturer next adverted to the discoveries of modern physiologists, including Rolando, Fleurens, Le Gallois, Sir B. Brodie, and Sir C. Bell, shewing that each part of the brain and nervous system had its peculiar and separate function, and then gave a general view of the principles of Phrenology as propounded by Gall, adopted by Spurzheim, and developed by Combe and others; alluding to the persecution of Gall by the Austrian Government, and the cause and character of the prejudices against the theory in this country, even amongst many learned men, who had previously committed themselves by the adoption of other systems of metaphysics; and the lecturer then adduced some ludicrous instances of the abuse of the science by persons whom its practical application had detected and exposed, enumerating, amongst others, a printer, whose character was seen through, and guarded against, in a business-engagement with a publisher well known in the west of England. Mr F. proceeded to prove that the anterior part of the brain had generally been considered by physiologists as necessary to the expression of the intellectual faculties, the upper to the moral, and the lower and back part to the instinctive; he then proved that the brain was the organ of the mind, by referring to the circum. stances of sensation, volition, disease, infancy, age, intoxication, stupor from

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