ANALYSIS. American continent. 'Relieved from any farther appre hensions from the few French remaining in the country, 1. Efforts of the provincial the government of the province made all the efforts of which it was capable to extend the progress of cultivation and settlement, though all that could be done was insuffi cient to fill up the dreadful blank that had already been

government

to extend the cultivation and settle

progress of

ment.

2. Farther policy of the

with respect

Acadians.

made.

31. After the peace, the case of the Acadians naturally government came under the view of the government. No advantage to the French had been derived from their barbarous treatment, and there remained no longer a pretext for continuing the persecution. They were, therefore, allowed to return, and to receive lands on taking the customary oaths, but no compensation was offered them for the property of which they had been plundered. 'Nevertheless, a few did return, alnumbers. though, in 1772, out of a French population of seventeen or eighteen thousand which once composed the colony, there were only about two thousand remaining.

3. Their diminished

1758.

assembly.

5. Indian

Baty of 1761.

1761.

vince during

32. 'In 1758, during the administration of Governor 4. Legislative Lawrence, a legislative assembly was given to the people of Nova Scotia. "In 1761 an important Indian treaty was concluded, when the natives agreed finally to bury the hatchet, and to accept George III., instead of the king for. merly owned by them, as their great father and friend. The pro- The province remained loyal to the crown during the war the American of the American Revolution, at the close of which, its populaRevolution. tion was greatly augmented by the arrival of a large number 7. Increase of of loyalist refugees from the United States. Many of the and forma new settlers directed their course to the region beyond the rate govern peninsula, which, thereby acquiring a great increase of New Bruns importance, was, in 1784, erected into a distinct government, under the title of New Brunswick. At the same time, the island of Cape Breton, which had been united with Nova Scotia since the capture of Louisburg in 1748, was erected into a separate government, in which situation 1820. it remained until 1820, when it was re-annexed to Nova Scotia.

population,

tion of a sepa

ment for

wick.

1784.

8. Cape Breton.

9. Nova Scotia previous

quent to the

33. The most interesting portions of the history of and subse Nova Scotia, it will be observed, are found previous to the pease of 1763. peace of 1763, which put a final termination to the colonial wars between France and England. Since that period the tranquillity of the province has been seldom interrupted, and, under a succession of popular governors, the country has continued steadily to advance in wealth and prosperity.

CHAPTER V.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

1. The province of New Brunswick lies between Nova Scotia and Canada, having the state of Maine on the southwest and the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the northeast. It comprises an area of about 28,000 square miles, and is therefore greater in extent than Nova Scotia and Cape Breton united.

and rivers.

2. 'It has an extensive seacoast, and is supplied with 2. Seacoast noble rivers, two of which, the St. Johns and the Miramichi, traverse nearly the whole territory, and are naviga ble throughout most of their course.

The former falls

into the Bay of Fundy on the south, and the latter into the Bay of Miramichi, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

the country..

forests

3. The surface of the country is broken and undulat- 3. Surface or ing, and towards the western boundary the mountain ranges rise to a considerable height. Adjacent to the 4. Soll and Bay of Fundy the soil is exceedingly barrer., but in other parts it is generally more fertile than in Nova Scotia. The streams are bordered by the richest meadow lands, while the quality of the soil in the highlands is indicated by a magnificent growth of forest trees of gigantic size, the export of which, for lumber and shipping, has given the province its chief commercial importance.

Brunswick,

4. The name of New Brunswick, and even its exist- 5 The name, and early his ence as a colony, did not commence till 1783. The tory of New French comprehended it under the appellation of New France, regarding it more particularly as an appendage to Acadia. The English, in their turn, claimed it as part of Nova Scotia, though they appear never to have taken any measures to improve it.

See p. 545.

clams Ne

Brunswick,

of 1763.

Unoccupied country after

state of the

5. After that peninsula had been finally ceded to Eng- b In 1743. land, the French demanded New Brunswick as belong- 6. The French ing to Canada. To support their claims, they erected forts at the neck of the peninsula, and armed the Acadians and the peace and Indians; but the peace of 1763, which gave Canada to the British, ended all dissensions on this subject. Still 7. the country was left nearly unoccupied, except by a few Acadians, who had sought refuge among its forests, from the relentless persecution to which they were exposed. 6. In 1762 some families from New England had settled at Maugerville, about fifty miles up the St. John; and in 1783 they numbered about 800. At the end of the war of the American Revolution, several thousands

8.

the peace of

1763.

c. See p. 548.

veel.)

d. (Mo-gerSettlements

at Maugerville, Frede.

ricton, and

Madagaska

1783.

ANALYSIS. of disbanded troops, who had been removed from New England, were located at Fredericton; and a party of Acadians who had settled there, were ordered to Mada 1. Situation waska, to make room for them. 'These new colonists however, accustomed to all the comforts of civilized life, endured the most dreadful hardships when first placed in the midst of this wilderness; and it was only after severe suffering and toil, that they could place their fami. lies in any degree of comfort.

of the colonists.

2. Sir Guy Carleton's

tion of the

7. 'General Sir Guy Carleton, who was appointed go. administra vernor in 1785, made great exert ons for the improve. government. ment of the country, which gradually, though slowly, ad1803. vanced. In 1803 he returned to England, and from that time to 1817 the government was administered by a sucThe foun- cession of presidents. "The foundation of the prosperity prosperity of of New Brunswick was laid in 1809, when heavy duties wick. were levied on timber brought to England from the Baltic,

dation of the

New Brun8

administra

tions from

1817 to

5. The suc

while that from New Brunswick was left free. The export of timber, from that period, continually increased, till it reached its height in 1825, when, in consequence of speculative overtrading, a severe reaction was experienced. Yet since that event, this branch of industry has rallied, and become nearly as extensive as ever, while a new impulse has been given to the prosperity of the country by the arrival of foreign cultivators.

1817. 8. 'In 1817 Major General Smith was appointed lieu4. Successive tenant-governor, which office he held till 1823, although during most of that period the affairs of the Province were intrusted to the care of Mr. Chipman and Mr. Bliss, as presidents; but in August, 1824, the latter was succeeded by Sir Howard Douglass, to whose exertions the country was greatly indebted. He was relieved by Sir Archibald Campbell, whose place was supplied in 1837 by Major-general Sir John Harvey, from Prince Edward Island. On the removal of the latter to Newfoundland, John Harvey the office of governor of New Brunswick was given to 8. The north Sir W. G. Colebrooke. During the administration of Sir boundary John Harvey, the disputed boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, which had long been a cause of controversy between Great Britain and the United States, threatened to involve the two countries in hostilities; but fortunately, in 1842, this subject of contention was re. a. See p. 483. moved, by a treaty which settled the boundary in a man. ner satisfactory to both parties.

cessor of Str

eastern

question.

a

CHAPTER VI.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

Situation ward Island.

of Prince Ed

p. 504.

1. 'PRINCE EDWARD, a name substituted for the early one of St. John, is an island in the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, having Cape Breton on the east, and being separated from the coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by Northumberland strait,--a channel varying in breadth from nine to forty miles. This a. See Map, island, which has a very irregular outline, is somewhat crescent shaped, having its hollow part towards the Gulf, into which both its boundary capes project. Following ng outline, its greatest length is about 135 miles, its average breadth about 34. It is, however, so deeply indented by bays and inlets, that scarcely any spot is distant more than seven or eight miles from the influx of the tide. The area is estimated at 1,380,700

its w

ε

acres.

2. Shape of its length, intets, area.

the island;

breadth,

the island:its soil, swamps, burnt

grounds, c

2. The surface of the island presents an undulating 3. Surface of variety of hill and dale, with the hollows filled with numberless little creeks and lakes. The soil, though light, possesses considerable fertility, with the exception of the swamps and burnt-grounds. Some of the former, when carefully drained, make rich meadow-lands, but the latter, consisting originally of extensive pine forests, which have been destroyed by conflagrations, and which are now over spread with black stumps, mixed with ferns and diminutive shrubs, can seldom be reclaimed.

4. Historical

error in rela

on to this

island.

5. Little known of its

1663.

3. By some it has been erroneously supposed that this is the island that was discovered by Cabot, in 1497, and named by him St. John; but it is now generally believed that the land first discovered was a small island on the coast of Labrador. "When the French court established in America a vast domain called New France, this in- history until sular tract was of course included within its boundaries, yet, with the exception of Champlain's description, there is scarcely any mention of it until 1663, when it appears to have been granted to a French captain by the name of Doublet, but held in subordination to a fishing company established at the small island of Miscou. seems, however, to have been valued only for fishery, with which view some trifling stations were established.

b

ced Doob-la) It s. Valued for

b. (Pronoun

4. 'St. John began to emerge from this obscurity only after the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, when, Acadia or Nova Scotia being ceded to Britain, a number of the French

what.

7. The island emerge from

begins to

its obscurity.

the island,

ANALYSIS settlers, to whom the British yoke was always odious, 1. Capture of sought refuge in this island. When Cape Breton was and its resto- captured by the New England forces in 1745, St. John shared the same fate; but three years later, both were restored to France by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle. After the second reduction of Louisburg, in 1758, that of 2. Its finel St. John again followed, when it became permanently anhe English nexed to the British crown.

ration to

France.

1758.

conquest by

3. Treatment of the French

5. The French inhabitants, however, numbering at inhabitants. that time four or five thousand, were doomed to the same relentless proscription as their brethren in Nova Scotia ; and the pretext was, that a number of English scalps were found hung up in the house of the French governor. The details of the expulsion are not stated, but it appears that some of the inhabitants were sent to Canada, some to the southern colonies, and others to France; whit is admitted that many contrived to conceal themselves. complete, however, was the desolation, that, in 177v, twelve years later, only 150 families were found on the

4. Their exthe island.

pulsion from

5. The peace of 1763.

Lord Egre

moni.

7. Flan subse adopted.

quently

island.

6. 'St. John was confirmed to Great Britain by the peace of 1763, but several years elapsed before judicious 6. Scheme of measures were taken for its settlement. Lord Egremont formed a strange scheme, by which it was divided into twelve districts, ruled by as many barons, each of whom was to erect a castle on his own property, while that nobleman was to preside as lord paramount. "This ridiculous plan was changed for another not much wiser. In 1767 a division was made into sixty-seven townships, of about 20,000 acres each, which, with some reservations for county towns, were granted to individuals who had claims upon the government. Their exertions to settle the counthe proprie try, however, were not very effective, and when they resolved, as the only means of rendering the property valuable, to sell it in small lots, their prices were too high; and as their rights to the land were conditional, they could not give to settlers that kind of tenure which is the most

8. Ineffective

measures of

tors.

1. A separate government

given to the

island.

10 The ad

ministrations

secure.

7. The proprietors succeeded, however, in 1770, in procuring a government independent of Nova Scotia ; though, as already mentioned, there were then only 150 families on the island. Mr. Patterson, first appointed to of Mr. Patter that office, brought back a number of the exiled Acadi General Fan- ans,-emigrants began to arrive in considerable numbers, ning. and in 1773 a constitution was given, and the first House 11. Contests of Assembly called. "Governor Patterson, however, and prietors and General Fanning who succeeded him in 1789, were inBettlers. volved in contests with the proprietors and settlers, who

son and

with the pro