it will be always much easier to effect this by the former than by the latter means. Take the case already referred to, of the two pieces of ice suspended in an atmosphere above the melting point. The pieces at their surfaces are in a melting condition, and are surrounded by a thin film of water just an infinitesimal degree above the freezing-point. The film has on the one side solid ice at the freezing-point, and on the other a warm atmosphere considerably above the freezing-point. The tendency of the ice is to lower the temperature of the film, while that of the air is to raise its temperature. When the two pieces are brought into contact the two films unite and form one film separating the two pieces of ice. This film is not like the former in contact with ice on the one side and warm air on the other. It is surrounded on both sides by solid ice. The tendency of the ice, of course, is to lower the film to the same temperature as the ice itself, and thus to produce solidification. It is evident that the film must either melt the ice or the ice must freeze the film, if the two are to assume the same temperature. But the power of the ice to produce solidification, owing to its greater mass, is enormously greater than the power of the film to produce fluidity, consequently regelation is the result. VII. LIST OF PAPERS WHICH HAVE APPEARED IN DR. A. PETERMANN'S GEOGRAPHISCHE MITTHEILUNGEN RELATING TO THE GULFSTREAM AND THERMAL CONDITION OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS. The most important memoir which we have on the Gulf-stream and its influence on the climate of the arctic regions is the one by Dr. A. Petermann, entitled "Der Golfstrom und Standpunkt der thermometrischen Kenntniss des nord-atlantischen Oceans und Landgebiets im Jahre 1870." Geographische Mittheilungen, Band XVI. 1870. Dr. Petermann has, in this memoir, by a different line of argument from that which I have pursued in this volume, shown in the most clear and convincing manner that the abnormally high temperature of the north-western shores of Europe and the seas around Spitzbergen is owing entirely to the Gulf-stream, and not to any general circulation such as that advocated by Dr. Carpenter. From a series of no fewer than 100,000 observations of temperature in the North Atlantic and in the arctic seas, he has been enabled to trace with accuracy on his charts the very footsteps of the heat in its passage from the Gulf of Mexico up to the shores of Spitzbergen. The following is a list of the more important papers bearing on the subject which have recently appeared in Dr. Petermann's Geogr. Mittheilungen: An English translation of Dr. Petermann's Memoir, and of a few more in the subjoined list, has been published in a volume, with supplements, by the Hydrographic Department of the United States, under the superintendence of Commodore R. H. Wyman. The papers whose titles are in English have appeared in the American volume. In that volume the principal English papers on the subject, in as far as they relate to the north-eastern extension of the Gulf-stream, have also been reprinted. The System of Oceanic Currents in the Circumpolar Basin of the Northern Hemisphere. By Dr. A. Mühry. Vol. XIII., Part II. 1867. The Scientific Results of the first German North Polar Expedition. By Dr. W. von Freeden. Vol. XV., Part VI. 1869. The Gulf-stream, and the Knowledge of the Thermal Properties. of the North Atlantic Ocean and its Continental Borders, up to 1870. By Dr. A. Petermann. Geographische Mittheilungen, Vol. XVI., Part VI. 1870. The Temperature of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Gulfstream. By Rear-Admiral C. Irininger. Vol. XVI., Part VI. 1870. Meteorological Observations during a Winter Stay on Bear Island, 1865-1866. By Sievert Tobilson. Vol. XVI., Part VII. 1870. Die Temperatur-verhältnisse in den arktischen Regionen. Von Dr. Petermann. Band XVI., Heft VII. 1870. Preliminary Reports of the Second German North Polar Expe dition, and of minor Expeditions, in 1870. Vol. XVII. Preliminary Report of the Expedition for the Exploration of the Nova-Zembla Sea (the sea between Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla), by Lieutenants Weyprecht and Payer, June to September, 1871. By Dr. A. Petermann. Vol. XVII. 1871. Der Golfstrom ostwärts vom Nordkap. Von A. Middendorff Band XVII., Heft I. 1871. Kapitän E. H. Johannesen's Umfahrung von Nowaja Semlä im Sommer 1870, und norwegischer Finwalfang östlich vom Nordkap. Von Th. v. Heuglin. Band XVII., Heft I. 1871. Die Nordpol-Expeditionen, das sagenhafte Gillis-land und der Golfstrom im Polarmeere. Von Dr. A. Petermann. 5 Nov. 1870. Th. v. Heuglin's Aufnahmen in Ost-Spitzbergen. Begleitworte zur neuen Karte dieses Gebiets. Tafel 9. 1870. Band XVII., Heft V. 1871. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition, 1869-70. Schlittenreise an der Küste Grönlands nach Norden, 8 März-27 April, 1870. Von Ober-Lieutenant Julius Payer. Band XVII., Heft V. 1871. Die Entdeckung des Kaiser Franz Josef-Fjordes in Ost-Grönland, August, 1870. Von Ober-Lieutenant Julius Payer. Band XVII., Heft V. 1871. Die Erschliessung eines Theiles des nördlichen Eismeeres durch die Fahrten und Beobachtungen der norwegischen Seefahrer Torkildsen, Ulve, Mack Qvale, und Nedrevaag im karischen Meere, 1870. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XVII., Heft III. 1871. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition, 1869-70. Schlittenreise nach Ardencaple Inlet, 8-29 Mai, 1870. Von OberLieutenant Julius Payer. Band XVII., Heft XI. 1871. Ein Winter unter dem Polarkreise. Von Ober-Lieutenant Julius Payer. Band XVII., Heft XI. 1871. Die Entdeckung eines offenen Polarmeeres durch Payer und Weyprecht im September, 1871. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XVII., Heft XI. 1871. James Lamont's Nordfahrt, Mai-August, 1871. Die Entdeckungen von Weyprecht, Payer, Tobiesen, Mack, Carlsen, Ulve, und Smyth im Sommer, 1871. Stand der Nordpolarfrage zu Ende des Jahres 1871. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XVII., Heft XII. 1871. Das Innere von Grönland. Von Dr. Robert Brown. Band XVII., Heft X. 1871. Captain T. Torkildsen's Cruise from Tromsö to Spitzbergen, July 26 to September 26, 1871. Vol. XVIII. 1872. The Sea north of Spitzbergen, and the most northern Meteorological Observations. Vol. XVIII. 1872. Results of the Observations of the Deep-sea Temperature in the Sea between Greenland, Northern Europe, and Spitzbergen. By Professor H. Möhn. Vol. XVIII. 1872. The Norwegian Cruises to Nova Zembla and the Kara Sea in 1871. Vol. XVIII. 1872. The Cruises in the Polar Sea in 1872. Vol. XVIII. 1872. The Cruise of Smyth and Ulve, June 19 to September 27, 1871. Vol. XVIII. 1872. Die fünfmonatliche Schiff barkeit des sibirischen Eismeeres um Nowaja Semlja, erwiesen durch die norwegischen Seefahrer in 1869 und 1870, ganz besonders aber in 1871. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XVIII., Heft X. 1872. Die neuen norwegischen Aufnahmen des nordöstlichen Theiles von Nowaja Semlja durch Mack, Dörma, Carlsen, u. A., 1871. Von Dr. Petermann. Band XVIII., Heft X. 1872. Nachrichten über die sieben zurückgekehrten Expeditionen unter Graf Wiltschek, Altmann, Johnsen, Nilsen, Smith, Gray, Whymper; die drei Überwinterungs- Expeditionen; die Amerikanische, Schwedische, Österreichisch-Ungarische; und die zwei neuen: die norwegische Winter-Expedition und diejenige unter Kapitän Mack. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XVIII., Heft XII. 1872. Konig Karl-Land im Osten von Spitzbergen und seine Erreichung und Aufnahme durch norwegische Schiffer im Sommer 1872. Von Professor H. Möhn. Band XIX., Heft IV. 1873. Resultate der Beobachtungen angestellt auf der Fahrt des Dampfers "Albert" nach Spitzbergen im November und Dezember, 1872. Von Professor Möhn. Band XIX., Heft VII. 1873. Die amerikanische Nordpolar-Expedition unter C. F. Hall, 1871-3. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XIX., Heft VIII. 1873. Die Trift der Hall'schen Nordpolar-Expedition, 16 August bis 15 Oktober, 1872, und die Schollenfahrt der 20 bis zum 30 April, 1873. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XIX., Heft X. 1873. Das offene Polarmeer bestätigt durch das Treibholz an der Nordwestküste von Grönland. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XX., Heft V. 1874. Das arktische Festland und Polarmeer. Von Dr. Joseph ChaBand XX., Heft VII. 1874. vanne. Die Umkehr der Hall'schen Polar-Expedition nach den Aussagen der Offiziere. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XX., Heft VII. 1874. Die zweite österreichisch-ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition unter Weyprecht und Payer, 1872-4. Von Dr. A. Petermann. Band XX., Heft X. 1874. Beiträge zur Klimatologie und Meteorologie des Ost-polarMeeres. Von Professor Möhn. Band XX., Heft V. 1874. Kapitän David Gray's Reise und Beobachtungen im ost-grönländischen Meere, 1874, und seine Ansichten über den besten Weg zum Nordpol. Original-Mittheilungen an A. Petermann, d.D., Peterhead, Dezember, 1874. Band XXI., Heft III. 1875. VIII. LIST OF PAPERS BY THE AUTHOR TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE IN THIS VOLUME. On the Influence of the Tidal Wave on the Earth's Rotation and on the Acceleration of the Moon's Mean Motion.-Phil. Mag., April, 1864. On the Nature of Heat-vibrations.-Phil. Mag., May, 1864. On the Cause of the Cooling Effect produced on Solids by Tension. -Phil. Mag., May, 1864. On the Physical Cause of the Change of Climate during Geological Epochs.-Phil. Mag., August, 1864. On the Physical Cause of the Submergence of the Land during the Glacial Epoch.—The Reader, September 2nd and October 14th, 1865. On Glacial Submergence.-The Reader, Deccember 2nd and 9th, 1865. On the Eccentricity of the Earth's Orbit.-Phil. Mag., January, 1866. Glacial Submergence on the Supposition that the Interior of the Globe is in a Fluid Condition.-The Reader, January 13th, 1866. On the Physical Cause of the Submergence and Emergence of the Land during the Glacial Epoch, with a Note by Professor Sir William Thomson.-Phil. Mag., April, 1866. On the Influence of the Tidal Wave on the Motion of the Moon. -Phil. Mag., August and November, 1866. On the Reason why the Change of Climate in Canada since the Glacial Epoch has been less complete than in Scotland.-Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow, 1866. On the Eccentricity of the Earth's Orbit, and its Physical Relations to the Glacial Epoch.-Phil. Mag., February, 1867. |