and two or three Nudibranchs new to the locality, and many interesting forms of marine life, notably Bipinnaria and Pluteus. The towing-net, on an improved principle devised by Mr. Henry Allport, was used successfully.

Parasites of the Spongida.-Mr. H. J. Carter having examined all the specimens of sponges in the British Museum, together with those of Dr. Bowerbank, and with his own experience of living sponges, describes in the Annals of Nat. Hist.'* those parasites which have come under his observation. The description extends to sixteen pages, and is included under the following heads:

CRUSTACEANS.

Small Amphipod Crustaceans about inch long not uncommonly nestle in the surface of some sponges in oval depressions, which in the absence of the animal may be taken for vents.

Crustaceans are commonly found in the cloaca, and half-way through its aperture in Grantia ciliata and G. compressa, especially towards the maturity of the gastrula, which they devour greedily.

CIRRIPEDES.

The Balanoid Cirripedes are perhaps the most common parasites of all, making use of every kind of sponge with the exception of the fleshy sponges (Carnosa), and the calcareous ones (Calcarea) becoming ultimately overgrown by the sponge, so as to form wartlike excrescences, with a hole in the summit for the projection of the cirri.

ACTINOZOA, OR POLYPS.

In all parts of the world sponges are more or less infested by polyps, chiefly on the surface, which may be single, double, concatenated or grouped, isolated or aggregated, sunk to the level of the surface of the sponge, which they may infest without scleroderma or with it in the scleroderma on the surface of the sponge or pendent from the scleroderma, and all belong to the Zoanthidæ Palythoa, Lamour = Zoantha of De Blainville.

HYDROZOA, OR HYDROID POLYPS.

=

Extending into the deepest parts of the sponge, and in one instance entirely confined to the interior.

ALGOID PARASITES.-Seaweeds. It is not an uncommon occurrence in some parts of the world for a seaweed to become a pseudomorph of a sponge (to use a mineralogical term), in which the latter, like a "dissolving view," may be observed, though different specimens, to yield gradually to the former, so that at last the seaweed not only assumes the shape of the sponge generally, but that of the form and position of the vents and every other part of the sponge, saving the spicules or foreign bodies of a like nature, which thus are often the only remaining evidence of the kind of sponge that has been pseudomorphosed.

*Ann. Nat. Hist.,' scr. v. vol. ii. p. 157.

An amorphous Red Alga (undescribed) parasitic in Hulichondria

plumosa.

Oscillatoria.
Scytonema.

Palmella spongiarum.

SAPROLEGNIEÆ.

Spongiophaga communis. A minute, short, nematoid filament, with a bulb at each end, which multiplying to an enormous extent, especially in the Hircinia, may become a pseudomorph of the sponge it attacks, so as to be mistaken for the sponge itself.

Saprolegnious Mycelium.

Under "FOREIGN OBJECTS," Mr. Carter refers to a little prism of calcite banded occasionally with yellow, brown, red, or amethystine colours, separately or more or less united in the same prism, which so frequently occurs in the Psammonemata derived from the disintegration of thin shreds like Crenatula phasianoptera, which are made up of similar prisms.

Under DENDRITES, he refers to the little colourless circular dendritic spots which appear on old kerataceous fibre, and whose structure is so minute, that under a inch with high ocular it does not appear satisfactorily. All that can at present be stated of them is that they are composed of branched filaments which radiate from a central point, but whether they are algoid or fungoid, or what their real nature is, future observation must determine.

A New Double Staining.-Dr. P. Schiefferdecker, of Rostock, describes in the Archiv f. Mik. Anat.,' vol. xv. p. 30, a process which he has used since 1876. He says: "From my own experience, which has embraced almost all the tissues of animal structures, I can most warmly recommend it. I use the eosin, which Fischer introduced some time ago, and dahlia, methyl-violet, and anilin green. These have a very similar action, though sometimes they show definite specific differences.

The chief advantage of the new method is that in the compound organs the individual elements of the tissues or even different sections of the same tissue are very sharply distinguished by differences in colour which readily strike the eye, so that preparations for demonstration may be produced with really surprising beauty. The different colours harmonize with each other, the method is easily and quickly applied, and the tissue may be hardened directly in the alcoholic eosin solution. The durability of the preparations is also satisfactory, although under certain restrictions. They will only bear to be mounted in varnish, and must be kept in the dark, as the light affects the eosin. The method can be applied both to preparations which have been hardened in alcohol or in chromic acid, or even its salts. The tint of the colours is, however, often different in the two cases.

The procedure is as follows:-The eosin is used according to the directions of Fischer,* in an alcoholic solution, and 1 per cent. solutions in water are made of dahlia, methyl-violet, and aniline

*

green. The section is stained in a small dish containing alcohol, to which a few drops of eosin have been added. Time various; from half an hour to several hours; being left too long in the eosin is not detrimental. The section is then rinsed in water, whereby it loses some of the eosin, and is then laid in a watch-glass filled with a solution of one of the other colours, and allowed to remain some minutes till it is coloured very deeply, almost black. After the section has been again rinsed in water, it is placed in alcohol, which possesses the property in a very high degree of dissolving both the colours. This is the most critical part of the process, i. e. hitting the right moment when both the colours have been just sufficiently drawn out. It is a good plan to take the section out, and view it in oil of cloves under the microscope, and if found too deep, to replace it in the alcohol. In general it is better to remove the preparation when still too blue, as the eosin is drawn out somewhat quicker than the other colours. The oil of cloves, in which the preparation is put after the alcohol, does not affect the eosin, whilst it dissolves (in a somewhat different degree of intensity) the other colours. Any desired relation between the colours can thus be obtained. When the proper tint is reached, the oil of cloves is sucked out as completely as possible by blotting-paper (the best plan is to lay the paper on one side of the preparation on the stage, and place the stage slanting), then apply Canada balsam dissolved in chloroform for a covering. In this no further change takes place. If too much oil of cloves is left behind, a further extraction of the blue takes place, and the object is surrounded by a blue halo. This should therefore be carefully avoided.

As to the distribution of the colours over the different parts of the tissues, the blue (or the green) pigment stains principally the nuclei of the cells, and the eosin the cell-bodies, and attention may be drawn to the various shades of colour which appear in these latter, produced by the mixture of the red with the blue pigments, conditioned apparently by the mixture of the other cell-contents with the protoplasm, or by the changes produced in the protoplasm by age. With regard to the secretions of the cells, as far as these from their soft or firm consistency allow of being distinguished in microscopic sections, the former are generally stained more blue, the latter more red, often simply eosin red. Thus the contents of the goblet cells, whilst still contained in the cells or out of them, appear a deep blue, the interstitial substance of the hyaline cartilage light bluish, the cell-membrane eosin red, the elastic fibres brilliant red, the connective-tissue fibrillæ dark rose, the bone deep scarlet; a very peculiar and entirely characteristic colour is shown by the red blood-corpuscles, which are bright scarlet. In the blood of the lower vertebrate animals, which have nuclei in their blood-corpuscles, this colour forms a still greater contrast to the deep blue nucleus. The staining is so intense that sections of organs whose blood-vessels are still coloured with blood-corpuscles look as if injected, so strong is the contrast between the scarlet and the other tints.

*Alcoholic solutions of these do not stain enough to be of use, therefore the eosin cannot be mixed with the other colours.

With regard to the particular organs, I have to remark as follows:(1) The Skin.-This is one of the objects which gives the best results. The different layers of the epidermis, and the whole epidermis contrasted with the cutis, show very prominently. In the cutis the dark, rose-coloured bundles of fibrillæ of the connective tissue appear remarkably distinct, so that their arrangement is easily recognized. Upon this rose-coloured substratum are seen with extraordinary distinctness the blue nuclei of the connective-tissue cells, the vessels with their scarlet contents and their musculature, and the sweat glands with their somewhat dark-blue stained cells, on the borders of which may be detected, on the exuding side, the fine red cuticula. Hairs and nails are also very beautiful.

(2) The Muscular System. This is not very well adapted for the staining, as regards details. On the other hand, the tissue, as such, stands out very beautifully from other tissues. The smooth muscles, for instance, are distinguished in weak stainings from the surrounding connective tissue; they remain dark red, with a different tint to the connective-tissue bundles. The striated muscles have a somewhat darker tint.

(3) Bones and Cartilage. The basic substance of the decalcified bones becomes deep scarlet, the cells more bluish. The method is best suited for the process of ossification. In this appears the peculiar phenomenon, that in the place where the cartilage cell nests lie the interstitial substance of the cartilage, which previously had a bluish red tint, acquires somewhat suddenly a deep blue colour, which would be the characteristic colour of the calcified cartilage. The basic substance of the bone, as above mentioned, appears stained a deep scarlet, and thus the superposed bone substance proper, down into the bone, is distinguished very clearly from the calcified cartilage. On the other hand, by this means the latter may be followed far into the bone, as every trace of it may be recognized, without anything else, by its blue staining. Thus it is possible to detect the cartilageremains very plainly in the middle of the shaft of the bone, in a transverse section through the tibia of a new-born infant. The hyaline cartilage, with its bluish basic substance, and the red cells inserted in it, with a number of blue nuclei, is a most excellent object. The perichondrium is a deep red, and thus contrasts sharply with the cartilage. The division of the basic substance of the cartilage into different territories often appears very beautifully; the bounding parts are almost blue black. Elastic cartilage gives most excellent preparations; for instance, the transition portion from hyaline to elastic cartilage (e. g. cartilago arytenoidea). The elastic fibres are a lively red, and are thus well distinguished from the bright blue basic substance.

(4) Nerve System.-Transverse sections through the spinal cord show the coarser fibres very well, as the nerve-tubes, both medulla and axis-cylinder, are coloured red, whilst the neuroglia appears bluish red, with dark blue nuclei. The ganglion-cells are reddish, with a slight touch of blue, whilst their nuclei, in opposition to the nuclei of the other cells, appear somewhat redder than the cell

substance. The nucleolus is generally a deep dark red. The double staining is specially recommended for the cerebellum, to make the granulated layers conspicuous. The Purkinje cells remain quite red, both nucleus as well as cell. I cannot recommend it, however, for the peripheral nerve system. In some few special cases it is applicable. The nerves in the bladder of the frog are very finely displayed. Methyl-violet (not the other colours) stains the fine nerves in the skin of the lamprey very beautifully.

(5) The Alimentary Canal.-We now come to a region in which the method answers very well-the glands; for, first, we are able to find constant differences in the staining of different glands; and secondly, in many cases, differences in the staining of the cells of the same glands, according to their condition. A very fine example of the first case is furnished by the aquiparous and muciparous glands in the root of the tongue. The first show a bright red protoplasm, with beautiful blue nuclei; the muciparous are stained with such an intense blue that the nucleus is often not visible. Both kinds of glands stand out also splendidly from the red muscular substratum. Examples of the second case are the gl. submaxill. and sublingualis. In the socalled state of rest, the cells are coloured uniformly blue, although not with the same intensity as the muciparous glands on the body of the tongue; the still darker blue nuclei lie, as is known, as though pressed flat close to one edge. In the so-called state of activity the cells are a granulated red colour, with round blue nuclei in the middle. The half-moons' are always red. The parotid has bright red cells, with blue nuclei. The pancreas is similar, only that the tint is rather bluer. One gland, the lachrymal—which, however, does not belong here has most peculiar red cells.

The epithelium of the mouth, tongue, and œsophagus separate themselves, on being stained, into a superior and inferior layer, and the epithelium and the glands of the stomach and intestines are excellently adapted for the staining."

The effects of the staining on (6) Liver, (7) Organs of respiration, (8) Urinary organs, (9 and 10) Male and female sexual organs, (11) Blood-vessels, (12) Lymphatic glands, &c., and (13) Organs of sense, are detailed in a similar manner, but must be omitted here for want of space.

The Ordinary Microscope as a Polariscope for Convergent Light.In reference to Professor A. de Lesaulx's suggestions on this subject (see p. 207), M. Bertrand claims to be an independent discoverer with the Professor of the advantages to be derived from adding two achromatic lenses of short focus above the lower Nicol. He places, however, a third achromatic lens of about 33 centim. focus above the posterior lens of the objective, at a distance a little greater than the focus, and capable of being slightly moved nearer or farther from the objective according to the power used. It should also be able to be removed easily from the microscope, so as to allow of the object being viewed in the first instance by parallel light.

New Aerobic Vibrion.-M. H. Toussaint has recently described a vibrion which he found in a rabbit inoculated with the blood of a