togas et tunicas. Cf. xxix. 36. 2, vestimenta exercitui deerant......mille ducenta toga...et duodecim millia tunicarum missa. These were probably intended for winter clothing and in the camp. They are only specified here for the equites, whose pay was usually three times as much as that of the pedites. The larger number of tunica in the passage quoted corresponds to the more frequent use of that dress by the lower orders of Rome.

§ 4. et iam. The conjunction et has here an explanatory emphasis.

§ 7. occidione occ. A favourite phrase of Livy for 'totally destroyed.'

P. 137, § 8. edissertando. Equivalent to si edissertavero. The word is an unusual one except in Plautus, as Stich. II. 1. 30, but Livy is fond of frequentatives, and the disserendo of some MSS. is more likely a later variation.

§ 9. nuntiabantur nec ulla...esse. A change of construction from the Or. dir. to the Or. obl. which is quite in Livy's style in rhetorical passages.

§ 11. Compares scilicet. The best MS. has comparesset, which suggested the present reading to Madvig.

vectigales ac stip. Cf. note on xxi. 41. 7.

C. LV. § 1. curiam Hostiliam. The senate-house by the Forum ascribed to Tullus Hostilius. Cf. 1. 30. 2, templum ordini ab se aucto curiam fecit, quæ Hostilia usque ad patrum nostrum ætatem appellata est.

§ 2. neque dubitabant...venturum. This use of non dubito ='I do not doubt that' with the inf. is scarcely found in Cicero, who always uses quin, unless perhaps in Ep. ad Att. VII. 1, but it is common in Livy.

§ 3. nondum palamfacto, i. e. qui vivi mortuique essent. Livy often uses the abl. abs. of the past part. without a substantive as permisso, edicto, debellato, in cases where a sentence is taken as the subject to agree with it; but it is a further licence, when it is used as here without any such relation. Cf. Tac. Ann. xI. 10. 3, in cujus amnis transgressu multum certato, pervicit Bardanes.

§ 4. profecto...fore, surely there must be some.' Cf. L. 54. 1, invisam profecto superbiam regiam civibus esse, quam ferre ne liberi quidem potuissent.

P. 138, § 6. illud. Referring to the duties specified below. Cf. 36. 5.

§ 7. auctorem, 'the informant who would carry the tidings of', &c. For this use of auctor cf. 1. 16. 5, gravis ut traditur quamvis magnæ rei auctor.

C. LVI. § 1. pedibus issent, i. e. had voted without further discussion. Hence the senators who commonly gave a silent vote, or divided without speaking, were called pedarii. The magistrate who presided used the formula, qui hæc sentitis in hanc partem, qui alia omnia in illam partem ite, qua sentitis.

tum demum is an emphatic way of introducing a consequent, after certain antecedents or conditions have been specified.

§ 2. incompositorum inord. Cf. 50. 8.

§ 3. nundinantem, 'bargaining,' a conjecture of Gronovius for the unmeaning nuntiantem of most MSS. The nundina (novem, nona) seem to have been at first the ninth days before the Kalends, but in later use to have stood for the beginnings of the early Latin week of eight days when the farmers came into the town to market. Varro de r. r. 2 præf. 1, majores annum ita diviserunt ut nonis modo diebus urbanas res usurparent, reliquis VII. ut rura colerent. Cf. Mommsen Röm. Chron. 254.

§ 4. anniversarium Cereris. Cf. Valer. Max. 1. 1. 15, sacra ex Græcia translata, quæ ob inventionem Proserpina matronæ colunt. The chief festival of this worship took place in April, but, as W. observes, this cannot well be intended here as the battle of Canna was fought in August, cf. A. Gell. v. 17. 5, Q. Claudius...cladem pugnæ Cannensis factam dicit ante diem quartum Nonas Sextiles.

nec lugentibus......est fas. Cf. Ovid. Fast. Iv. 619, Alba decent Cererem: vestes Cerealibus albas | sumite nunc pulli velleris usus abest; so xxxiv. 6 the period of public mourning is limited to thirty days for the same cause.

P. 139, § 8. aliam, equivalent to ceteram, as in xxi. 27. 6, alius exercitus.

C. LVII. § 1. M. Claudium. This Marcellus had defeated the Gauls at Clastidium a few years before, and was one of the bravest leaders of the age; Pliny says of him undequadragiens dimicavit.

§ 2. Vestales. At first four, afterwards six, young girls of the best families of the state were pledged to devote thirty years of unmarried life to the service of the holy fire of Vesta. Great respect was uniformly paid to them, and at their inter

cession even criminals were pardoned, but scrupulous decorum was required of them by the state, the holy fire must never die out by their neglect, and all their doings were watched jealously by the supreme pontiff. One was suspected even of graver fault, propter mundiorem justo cultum, and when found guilty of incontinence was buried alive ad portam Collinam dextra via strata defossa Scelerato Campo. VIII. 15. 6. The penalty was several times repeated, but at times the goddess screened the penitent or justified the innocent by special portents.

§3. scriba...quos. The relative in the plural implies the class of scribes by a constr. ad synesin, as XXVII. 11. 3, infantem, quos androgynos vulgus...appellat.

minores pontifices. Of this lower order of pontifices little is known, except that they were three in number (Cic. de Arusp. resp. VI) and discharged certain ceremonial duties of observing the new moon and making offerings to Juno in the Curia Calabra. Macrob. 1. 15. Varro's definition of pontifex from pontem facere is generally now accepted and connected with priestly forms connected with the old wooden bridge across the Tiber, the pons Sublicius. It was doubted in ancient times and Mucius Scævola explained it as from posse facere, Plutarch from sacrifice to the potentes. Gottling derived it from pompa and Pfund from the Oscan pontis or pompe = 5, the priests being the calculators of early society. Corssen and Curtius accept Varro's account, and connect pons with wárOS πατέω.

§ 4. Hoc nefas. The immorality of the Vestal, not the death of the criminal.

§ 5. Fabius Pictor, the historian, for whom see the Introd. The cognomen of the family was derived from a Fabius of whom Pliny writes, N. H. 35. 4, apud Romanos honos mature huic (pingendi) arti contigit. Siquidem cognomina ex ea Pictorum traxerunt Fabii clarissimæ gentis: princepsque ejus cognominis ipse ædem Salutis pinxit anno urbis condita ccCCL, quæ pictura duravit ad nostram memoriam. The painter's art was afterwards less respected, postea non est spectata honestis manibus, and though a certain Anțistius Labeo took to it professionally ea res in risu et contumelia.

Delphos ad oraculum. This phrase also is found in the earliest reported case of Roman recognition of Delphi in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus 1. 56. 5.

suppliciis. Used in an archaic sense for supplicationibus.

§ 6. minime Romano sacro. Yet the old forms of devotion to the dii manes as illustrated in the story of Curtius and

the Decii, and in the elaborate formula quoted by Livy VIII. 9. 5, point to an early sacrifice of human victims. The ancient usage of the ver sacrum has probably a like bearing. A few years before there had been a similar case in the Gallic war. The language of Pliny implies that the victims bore a repre sentative character, as did the Decii in their devotion for Rome. Pliny N. H. 38. 2, Boario vero in foro Græcum Græcamque defossos aut aliarum gentium, cum quibus tum res esset, etiam nostra ætas vidit.

P. 140, § 8. legio tertia. There is probably some confusion here, as the third legion seems to have fought at Cannæ, cf. 53. 2.

Teanum Sid., spoken of by Strabo v. 3. 9 as commanding the Via Latina, and the most important town upon it between Rome and Capua.

§ 9. prætextatos, i.e. boys not yet in their seventeenth year when the robe broidered with the broad band of purple (prætexta) was exchanged for the toga virilis.

§ 10. ex formula, i. e. in accordance with the special terms of their alliance to Rome. Cf. xxvII. 10. 2 where eighteen colonia profess their readiness to send larger contingents than they were by law obliged to levy.

Arma, tela, alia. An example of asyndeton frequent in business details.

§ 11. servitiis, the abstract for the concrete servi, of frequent use in L.

vellentne militare. Hence the name volones applied to them according to Macrobius 1. 11. 30 it was not the first time they had been used.

C. LVIII. § 2. sicut ante ad Trebiam. This was not mentioned by Livy at the time, though in 7. 5 it was specified in the case of the prisoners at L. Trasimene.

§ 3. Et...et... imply a contrast rather than a mere conjunction.

P. 141, § 4. equiti quingenos. This was not contained in the stipulations of 52. 3.

$5. quamcunque. Often used by Livy as here without a verb.

§ 8. minime Romani. Cf. 1. 53. 4, minime arte Romana fraude ac dolo.

§ 9. dict. verbis. 'In the name of the d.' Cf. Cic. Ep. ad Att. xvI. 11, Attica meis verbis suavium des.

C. LIX. § 1. senatus...datus est. Cf. note on xxx. 12. 8.

Patres conscripti. The writers generally thought that this phrase denoted the original senators of patrician origin, and the later enrolled of plebeian rank, thus Livy II. 1. 7, [Brutus] patrum numerum primoribus equestris gradus electis ad trecentorum summam explevit: traditumque inde fertur, ut in senatum vocarentur qui patres quique conscripti essent. Servius ad En. 1. 426 ascribes them to an earlier change, conscriptos qui post a Servio Tullio e plebe electi sunt. But it is unlikely that the plebs was admitted in such early times to the ruling council, and conscribere is simply to enrol, as in the expressions conscribere exercitum, tribum, collegia. is probable that patres conscripti meant only Those put upon the roll of the Senate,' and so Members of the Senate,' Cf. Willems Sénat. p. 39.

6

It

P. 142, § 7. a Gallis auro, i. e. after the capture of Rome

B.C. 390.

patres vestros, i. e. the fathers of the senators before whom the speech was delivered. It was however more than 60 years since the battle with Pyrrhus near Heraclea. The senate, though filled with ex-officials, was practically confined to the ruling families of Rome.

&c.

§ 8. nec supersumus nisi.

'And only those of us survive,'

§ 9. ne in acie q. fuerunt. This is Madvig's correction of the refugerunt of the MSS. which had been long noticed as suspicious in connection with in acie. Perizonius suggested ex acie. W. objects to fuerunt that Polybius represents all the prisoners as the garrison left in the camp, but this does not seem very forcible.

§ 10. extulisse. The use of the infin. perfect with velle is of frequent occurrence, when the result rather than the progress of the action is to be expressed. The old laws commonly have it in prohibitions, as Ne Baccanal habuisse velit, so Horace, Sat. II. 3. 187, ne quis humasse velit Aiacem Atride vetas cur. Cf. 1. 2. 28, sunt qui nolint tetigisse. Zumpt, 590.

gloriati sint. As the subj. of the future perfect, this word like extulisse expresses the action in a livelier form as a completed result. Cf. xxx. 14. 5, nulla...virtutum...est qua ego æque ac temperantia...gloriatus fuerim.