colleges. This is almost the only form of monumental evidence which he cared to consult, or at any rate to copy. For the meaning of the ver sacrum and other terms, see the Excursus.

§ 2. duellis. An archaic form for bellis retained in perduellis, as bes stands for dues, and bonus for duonus. The Latum donum of the MSS. would be an awkward pleonasm, and is well corrected by Madvig to tum duit the old subj. Cf. x. 19. 12 the prayer si hodie victoriam duis. Cf. also adduit, venum duit, from root du, another form of -da, like the forms, creduis, creduit in Plautus. Corssen, II. 402. The transposition of quod duellum, to make it follow immediately hisce duellis is due to Lipsius, and makes good sense of what is hopelessly involved in the common reading of the MSS. retained by W.

§ 3. ver. Reckoned by the pontifices as lasting through the months of March and April.

profana. Fanum or (fasnum fr. fas) is the general term for any holy thing or place, and profanum is the contrasted term.

fieri. 'To be sacrificed to.'

ex qua die. The vow though made was not to take effect until the time was specified, and this did not actually take place till the year 195 B.C.

§ 4. probe. 'Duly.'

§ 5. rumpet.

Cf. Digest. Ix. 2. 27, rupisse verbum fere omnes veteres sic intellexerunt, corruperit. Stroth. ap. Fabri. ne fraus esto. The owner shall not be guilty.'

clepsit. An old perf. subj. from clepo as faxit from facio.

§ 6. Si atro die f. The atri dies were those associated in memory with some great national disaster as that at Allia or on the Cremera or at Cannæ. On them temples were all closed and no sacrifices could be offered, and land and business were at a standstill. Yet even here the pontiffs claimed dispensing power, and when Ti. Coruncanius fixed by an oversight a holiday upon a dies ater, the College ratified his act, collegium decrevit non habendum religioni quin eo die feria essent (A. Gell. iv. 6. 10).

faxit. The characteristic vowel is dropped frequently in the perf. subj. and 11. fut. ind. of this word, especially in Plautus, Terence, and occasionally in later poets as Verg. Æn. Ix. 151, XII. 316. In Livy we find in old formularies defexit 1.

24. 9, faxitis vi. 41. 6; so occisit XII. tab., rapsit Cic. Leg. 1. 9. 22, vixet, for conj. plusqu., Verg. Æn. xi. 118, extinxem Æn. IV. 606, confluxet Lucr. 1. 987, surrexe Hor. Sat. 1. 9. 73, traxe En. v. 786. So also such forms as acclarassis Liv. 1. 18. 7, habessit Cic. Leg. 11. 8. 19, and many like forms in Plautus. It seems probable that conj. and 11. fut. forms like faxim, faxo are derived from an old perfect form in -si rather than from a reduplicated form in -i.

faxitur is a still more curious form of 2nd. fut. passive for factum erit, like jussitur for jussum erit Cato R. R. 14, turbassitur for turbatus erit Cic. Leg 1. 4. 11, mercassitur for mercatus erit Lex Agrar. C. 200. 71. Cf. Corssen, II. 565.

antidea, an old form for antea, like postidea for postea, antid being the early form of ante. Cf. the ablative forms marid, navalid, dictatored, &c. found in early inscriptions, as also med, ted, sed, red, found singly or in composition.

P. 85, 7. ludi magni. This term was afterwards reserved for the extraordinary ludi in distinction to the regular which were called ludi Romani. The sums were voted by the senate, but as they were often inadequate, great expense was constantly incurred by the adiles on whom the arrangements fell, and at the end of the Republic the outlay was often ruinous.

æris. This was probably the as grave or libral as, which had been successively reduced in weight to that of a triens in the 1st Punic war, and to the uncia in this year (Q. Fabio dictatore asses unciales facti, Pliny 33. 3. 45), but in laws and state concerns the old monetary system was for a long time retained, and the nummus sestertius was employed as its equivalent in silver. Cf. Mommsen Münzw. 292 and Weissenborn's note.

trecentis t. It was a Roman fancy that the odd numbers found favour with the gods of the upper air, while the Manes or the powers of the lower world liked the even best. Thus the fixed holidays, feria stativa, were nearly all on the odd days of the Calendar.

§ 10. Veneri Erycinæ. This deity was probably the Phonician Astarte, whose worship may be traced (under the name of Aphrodite) in many places where an earlier influence was adopted by the Greeks. Eryx, as we know, was one of the points of Sicily to which the Carthaginians clung most obstinately. Its traditions were in course of time worked into the legends of the Trojan war, its deity confused with the goddess mother of Eneas, whose wanderings are made

by Vergil to include a visit to the spot, v. 759,, and Rome recognised an appeal based on this supposed connection.

fatalibus. Prophetic of doom (fatum), i. e. Sibylline.

Menti. Fabri quotes Cic. Leg. 11. 8, colunto et ollos, quos endo cælo merita locaverunt...ast olla propter quæ datur homini adscensus in cælum, Mentem, Virtutem, Pietatem, Fidem. Cf. Excursus.

C. XI. § 2. e re publica. 'For the interest of the state.'

§ 3. Iis the dat. after edixit which also takes the acc. diem of the obj. Tibur is the local acc. after ad conveniendum edicere. Cf. 22. 1, quo diem ad conveniendum edixerat novis militibus and XXVIII. 5. 8, concilium Ætolis Heracleam indictum.

§ 4. ut...uti. This repetition of ut when the conjunction does not follow closely on the principal verb is of frequent occurrence in Livy. Cf. v. 21. 9.

castella. Any strong places in the country, such as there are traces of on so many of the hill-tops in Central Italy. Cf. the enumeration in the Lex Rubria xxI. quo oppido municipio colonia præfectura foro vico conciliabulo castello territoriove.

P. 86, § 5. The Via Flaminia, which led through Etruria and Umbria to Ariminum, is attributed by Strabo, v. 1. 1, to the Flaminius who was consul B.C. 197, but by Livy, Epit. xx., to his father who fell at Lake Trasimene, while the son constructed the road from Ariminum to Bononia (xxxix. 4).

exercitu. Cf. for this form of the dat. dilectu, 2. 1.

Ocriculum. The first city of Umbria which submitted to Rome, Livy Ix. 41. 14.

viator was a general term for the attendant or apparitor of a Roman magistrate, and the form of the word probably referred to the duty of travelling through the ager round Rome to summon the senators or others to public meetings. The lictor was a more specialized name is qui ex collegio viatorum officium ligandi haberet lictor sit appellandus, Aul. Gell. 12. 13. 1. Only dictators, consuls, and prætors commonly were thus attended, and the fasces borne by these lictors was a symbol of the jus vitæ necisque.

§ 6. vetustate. Cf. 8. 5. It was 32 years since there had been a dict. rei gerendæ.

Ostia. Otherwise declined in the 2nd decl. Cf. 37. 1 and mitte Ostia Cæsar, Juv. VIII. 171.

p. Cosanum. Now the porto d' Ercole. It was a Roman colony, and one of the chief naval stations on the lower sea.

§ 7. ad urbem R. Probably as W. suggests in the dockyards or in course of building.

§ 8. libertini. The slaves of a Roman, when freed, were called his liberti, and passed into the class of libertini. These were by Q. Fabius in 303 B.c. all enrolled in the 4 urbanæ tribus, where their votes counted for little, but in later days repeated efforts were made by the popular leaders to spread them over the rustica tribus where they might own land. They could not serve regularly in the legions, for military service was regarded at Rome as the privilege and duty of the free landowners, and it was not until the time of Marius that this sentiment disappeared.

quibus liberi. This condition recurs in other cases, as in the privilege allowed to Latini to migrate to Rome and become R. citizens if they left children behind them, and in usages of precedence among magistrates.

aetas militaris. i. e. commonly from the 17th to the 46th year of age.

§ 9. urbano ex. Referring to the lower estimate of the urbana tribus who formed what was called contemptuously forensis factio.

c. XII. § 1. quo diem. Nearly all the MSS. read quodie, a mistake which probably grew out of a failure to see that quo follows conveniendum, as Tibur does in 11. 4.

§ 2. Præneste is explained by Corssen 11. 216, as being an old superlative form, as magister or minister are comparatives like Malorepos, thus Præneste = 'that which stands forth most prominently,' for præ cf. note below on pristinus. Festus says it was so named quia montibus præstat, and in fact it commands a splendid view of the neighbourhood of Rome.

transversis lim. Cross-roads,' as in 11. 39 transversis tramitibus and v. 16. 4 obliquis tramitibus in the same sense. It would seem as if trames (trans. meare) were nearly the same as transversus, while limes (for lic-mes, connected with limus, Méxpios, limen, a cross-beam for lintel) comes from the same root as obliquus. Corssen, 1. 499.

egressus. W. aptly remarks that the via were raised as causeways higher than the cross-roads.

exploratis. Corssen connects plorare with pluere pluvia as 'to make to flow' and hence explorare 'to cause to flow out' or 'bring to light,' 1. 361.

P. 87, § 4. quos appears in most MSS., but it is obviously corrupt, W. suggests aliquando, Heerwagen antiquos. It seems better to strike it out.

§ 6. novi. This suggestion of Madvig for non vim commends itself as a very slight change with much better sense.

hauddum. Vocabulum hauddum non apud alium inveni scriptorem nisi aliquoties apud Livium, i. e. septem locis. Stürenberg ap. Fabri. It is formed like vixdum, necdum also found in our author.

§ 7. si posset. 'In the hope that he might,' 'to see if he would,' a sense in which Livy often uses si.

excipere. As of the hunter latitantem fruticeto excipere aprum, Hor. Carm. п. 12. 11.

universo. 'Staked upon the hazard of a general engagement.' Cf. casum universæ dimicationis 32. 2.

§ 10. parva momenta...'petty skirmishes of little moment which might be safely risked as there was shelter near at hand.'

pristinis. This word like priscus comes from a longer form of the pri or præ whence primus, privus, &c. Corssen, I. 780.

§ 11. Sed non H....the subordinate phrase sanis consiliis would as Nägelsbach suggests be naturally the subject in translation, 'his sound judgment found an adversary,' &c.

nihil...moræ. Cf. for this idiom xxI. 45. 9.

P. 88, § 12. pro cunctatore. Cf. 39. 20.

premendo. Cf. 59. 10, nec premendo alium me extulisse

velim.

pessima ars. pernicious practice.'

c. XIII. § 1. The Hirpini (called 'Iprîvoc in Strabo, though some Latin inscriptions and MSS. drop the aspirate) were a highland race in the east of Samnium, whose name was said to be derived from the Samnite word hirpus = wolf, Serv. Verg. Æn. xI. 785. Several of their towns revolted from Rome after the battle of Cannæ, Liv. XXIII. 1, and 37, and owing to the obstinate wars of the Samnites in old times Hannibal may have looked here for most support.

Beneventum. The old form of this was Maleventum Liv. Ix. 27. 7, and the change was probably due to the superstitious feeling which may be traced in the history of names like the Eumenides, the Euxine, and evppórn for night. Com. pare also the custom of the Romans to call first a citizen of auspicious name in the centuries and tribes.

C. L.

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