Literature Relating to the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States, 1787-1788." Briefly, a collected edition of the newspaper articles, as revised by Hamilton, was printed in 1788, and a reissue of this was made in 1799. In 1802 a new edition with a preface by John Wells, who was slightly assisted by Hamilton, was issued, and this text was again printed in 1810 and 1817, both the latter editions adding the names of the authors from "a private memorandum" in Hamilton's "own handwriting."

In 1818 an edition, with a preface by Jacob Gideon, was printed with Madison's authority, "the numbers written by Mr. Madison corrected by himself," and with the assignment of authorship according to his views. Other editions of this text were printed in 1821, 1826, 1831, 1837, 1842, 1847, 1852, and 1857. In the edition of 1831 a brief and very inadequate index was added.

In 1863 Mr. Henry B. Dawson reprinted in collected. form the original newspaper text, to which he added a learned, though biased introduction. There have been several reprints of this, but with the suppression of this introduction.

In 1864 Mr. John C. Hamilton edited an elaborate edition of Hamilton's revised text of 1788, with an introduction written from a Hamiltonian point of view; of this edition there have been several reissues.

In 1886 Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge reprinted the text of Dawson, with one or two slight modifications, and with an introduction rather favorable to Hamilton. He also included the index printed in the edition of 1831.

The present edition is designed primarily for the use of students, though it is hoped that certain new and improved features will make it the most serviceable as well for the lawyer and jurist. For the first time Hamilton's preliminary outline of The Federalist is included, and from the earliest edition his table of contents and his introduction, omitted in recent editions, have been added. In addition a new table of contents has been prepared, giving fuller treatment, and this has

INTRODUCTION.

been repeated at the beginning of each essay to facilita.e quick reference. The date of publication of each number, with the name of the newspaper in which it appeared, has been for the first time obtained and prefixed to each essay. Where, in the edition of 1788 the number was changed from the newspaper text, the latter is added, in brackets, that the endless confusion hitherto arising from this contradiction may be henceforth avoided or understood. All text of The Federalist which relates to the purely temporary issues of 1788, and much of the historical part, both of which are now of slight value, have been printed in smaller type. For the benefit of the student, the text has for the first time been annotated, both with a view to making obscure allusions plain, and to the elucidation of the text that intervening history has made possible.

To the text of The Federalist proper there have been added in the Appendix the articles of confederation and the constitution, and to the latter are appended references to the decisions of the Supreme Court bearing on each clause, with three of the most important decisions in an abridged form. All important amendments since proposed have been included in the belief that in them are best expressed the points of friction over that instrument. For this same reason are included the opinions of Hamilton and Jefferson on a national bank, the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798, the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification and Jackson's Proclamation of 1832, the South Carolina Ordinance of Secession and Declaration of Independence, the constitution of the Confederate States, and the act creating the Electoral Commission.

Finally, for the first time The Federalist has been thoroughly indexed; an addition which leads the editor, from personal experience of the previous difficulty of consultation and use of the work, to believe that no book of equal importance has so needed such an improvement. Paul Leicester Ford,

SYLLABUS OF THE FEDERALIST.'

A. I. A republic, a word used in various senses, has been applied to aristocracies and monarchies.

1. To Rome, under the kings.

2. To Sparta, though a Senate for life.
3. To Carthage, though the same.

4. To United Netherlands, though Stadt-
holder, hereditary nobles.

5. To Poland, though aristocracy and monarchy.

6. To Great Britain, though monarchy, etc. II. Again, great confusion about words democracy, aristocracy, monarchy.

1. Democracy defined by some, Rousseau, etc., a government exercised by the collective body of the people.

a. Delegation of their power has been made the criterion of democ

racy.

'This paper has been printed in both editions of the writings of Hamilton as a Brief of Argument on the Constitution of the United States." Study of it, however, indicates that it is a preliminary outline of The Federalist, from No. 39 to the end. As already mentioned in the Introduction, the beginning of the term of the New York Supreme Court compelled Hamilton to cease temporarily his work on The Federalist with No. 36, and he probably drew this up as a guide for Madison, who at that point assumed the task, and who closely followed in the succeeding essays the sequence here outlined. By merely transposing the last portions headed "Powers" and Miscellaneous Advantages so that they precede that headed "Review," we have the arrangement of ideas adopted in The Federalist. The syllabus is especially valuable in view of the dispute over the authorship, for it shows how sharp a line Hamilton drew between the "Powers" and the "Review" of the three departments, the latter being evidently considered by him as one synthetic whole. A comparison of No. 39 with "A" and "B" reveals how thoroughly Madison absorbed the syllabus in this number, and as that has been the most quoted of all those from Madison's pen, the source of his ideas possesses much interest.

2. Aristocracy has been used to designate governments,

a. Where an independent few possessed sovereignty.

b. Where the representatives of the people possessed it.

3. Monarchy, where sovereignty is in the hands of a single man.

General idea-Independent in his

situation, in any other sense

would apply to State of New York.

4. Democracy in my sense, where the whole power of the government is in the people,

a. Whether exercised by themselves,

or

b. By their Representatives, chosen by them either mediately or immediately, and legally accountable to them.

5. Aristocracy, where whole sovereignty is permanently in the hands of a few for life or hereditary.

6. Monarchy, where the whole sovereignty is in the hands of one man for life or hereditary.

7. Mixed government, where these three principles unite.

B. I. Consequence, the proposed government a representa

tive democracy.

1. House of Representatives directly chosen by the people for two years.

2. Senate indirectly chosen by them for six

years.

3. President indirectly chosen by them for

four years.

Thus legislative and executive.

representatives of the people.