Boniface, an English missionary of the

seventh century, i. 356.

Books, longevity of, ii. 195.
Borelli on circular motion, ii. 263.
Applies mathematics to muscular
movement, ii. 277.

Boyle improves the air-pump, ii. 276.
Bradley determines the velocity of direct
stellar light, ii. 289.

Brahman, how regarded according to
the Institutes of Menu, i. 60.
Attempted to reconcile ancient tra-
ditions with modern philosophical
discoveries, ii. 324.
Brain, functions, ii. 340.
Breakspear, Nicholas, afterwards Pope
Adrian IV., ii. 24.

Brown, discoverer of the quinary ar-
rangement of flowers, ii. 276.
Brindley, a millwright's apprentice, ii.
372.

His engineering triumph in the con-
struction of canals, ii. 374.
Bruchion, the library in, i. 307.
Bruno, Giordano, teaches the heliocen-
tric theory, ii. 249.

Is burnt as a heretic, ii. 250.
Brutes, why supposed by Diogenes to
be incapable of thought, i. 97.
Buddhism, its rise, i. 62.

The organization of, i. 64.

Its fundamental principle, i. 65.

Its views of the nature of man, i.
66.

Philosophical estimate of, i. 68.
Bulgarians converted by a picture, i.
356.

Bunsen, his estimate of Eusebius's chiro-
nology, i. 192.

Bunyan, John, his writings surpass
those of St. Augustine, i. 295.
His twelve years' imprisonment for
preaching, ii. 235.

Probable source of much of the ma-
chinery of the Pilgrim's Progress,
ii. 240.

Burnet's 'Sacred Theory of the Earth,'
ii. 277.

Byzantine system adopted in Italy, i.
339.

Government persecutes the Nestorians
and Jews, i. 374.
Suppression of medicine, i. 375.

Cabanis, quoted on the influence of the
Jews, ii. 116.

Cabot, Sebastian, rediscovers Newfound-

land, and attempts to find a north-
west passage to China, ii. 169.

Cabral discovers Brazil, ii. 169.
Cadesia, effect of the battle of, i. 325.
Casalpinus first gives a classification of
plants, ii. 378.

Cæsar becomes master of the world, i.
240.

Calico printing, antiquity of the art, and
how improved, ii. 373.
Caligula, Emperor, an adept in alchemy,
i. 395.

Calixtus III., Pope, issues his fulmi-
nations against Halley's comet, ii.

245.
Callimachus, author of a treatise on
birds, and a poet, 195.
Callisthenes accompanies Alexander the
Great in his campaigns, i. 157.
Is hanged by his orders; transmits
to Aristotle records of astronomical
observations, i. 187.

Calvin establishes a new religious sect,
ii. 205.

Causes Servetus to be burnt as a he-
retic, ii. 219.

Calydonian boar, hide of, preserved as
a relic, i. 49.

Cambyses conquers Egypt, i. 75, 180.
Canal of Egypt, reopened by Necho, i.
74.

A warning from the oracle of Amun
causes Necho to stop the construc-
tion of, i, 89.

Cleared again from sand, i. 315.
Canals the precursors of railways, ii.
374.

Of China, their influence, ii. 387.
Cannibalism of Europe, i. 31.
Canosa, scene at, the King of Germany
seeking pardon of the Pope, ii. 18.
Canonic of Epicurus, imperfection of,

i. 161.

Cape of Good Hope, doubled by Vasco
de Gama, ii. 162.

First made known in Europe by the
Jews, ii. 170.

Caracalla, alluded to in the reply of the
Christians to the Pagans, i. 292.
Carat, its derivation and signification,
ii. 42.
Carneades, the founder of the New Aca-
demy, his doctrines, i. 163.
Carthage, description of, i. 124.

Its conquest contemplated by Alex-
ander the Great, i. 168.

Most effectually controlled by inva
ding Africa, i. 237.

Heraclius contemplates making it the
metropolis of the Eastern empire,
i. 318.

Carthage stormed and destroyed by
Hassan, i. 323.
Carthaginian commerce, nature and ex-
tent of, i. 125.

"Carolinian Books" published by
Charlemagne, against image wor-
ship, i. 361.

Caspian and Dead Seas, level of, i. 295.
Castelli assists in the verification of the
laws of motion, ii. 262.
Creates hydrostatics, ii. 276.

Lays the foundation of hydraulics,
ii. 377.

Casuistry, developement of, ii. 63.
Catalogue of stars contained in the Al-
magest of Ptolemy, i. 198.

Catasterisms of Eratosthenes, i. 190.
Catastrophe, insufficiency of a single,
ii. 305.

Doctrine of, ii. 312.

Cato causes Carneades to be expelled
from Rome, i. 164.

Celibacy of clergy insisted on by the
monks, i. 415.
Necessity of, ii. 15.
Celt, sorcery of the, i. 32.

Cerebral sight, important religious re-
sult of, i. 418.

Cerinthus, his opinion of the nature of
Christ, i. 262.

Chadijah, the wife of Mohammed, i.
320, 326.

Chakia Mouni, meaning of the name, i.
63.

The founder of Buddhism, i. 331.
Chalcedon, Council of, i. 288.

It determines the relation of the two
natures of Christ, i. 290.
Chaldee notions give rise to the black
art, i. 393.

Châlons, battle of, i. 340.

Charlemagne, his influence in the con-

version of Europe, i. 353.
Disapproves of idolatry, i. 357.
Developes the policy of his father
Pepin, i. 360.

Is crowned Emperor of the West,
i. 361.

The immorality of his private life, i. 363.
Charles Martel gains the battle of Tours,
i. 358.

His relations to the Church, i. 358.
Pope Gregory III. seeks his aid, i. 412.
Charms, the source of their supposed
power, i. 392.

Chemistry, fetichism of, i. 96.
Pythagorean, i. 111.

Scientific, cultivated by the Arabs, i.
397.

397

Chemistry, progress of, ii. 361.
Childeric II. permitted to retain his
title, i. 358.

Deposed and shut up in the convent
of St. Omer, i. 360.

China, her policy, ii. 383.
Chinese Buddhism, i. 68, 70.
Chosroes II., his successes, i. 318.

The effect of his wars on commerce,
i. 326.

Christian reply to the accusation of
the Pagans, i. 292.

Christianity, influence of Roman, i. 234.
Debased in Rome, i. 256.

Distinction between, and ecclesiastical
organizations, i. 258.

Its first organization, i. 260.
Three modifications of, i. 262.
Judaic, i. 262.

Gnostic, i. 264.

Platonic, i. 264.

Spreads from Syria, i. 265.
Antagonizes imperialism, i. 266.
Its persecutions, i. 268.
Hellenized, i. 281.
Paganization of, i. 298.

Expelled from Palestine, Asia Minor,
Egypt, and Carthage, i. 321.
Paganisms of, i. 349.

Allied to art, i. 349.
Chronology of Eratosthenes, i. 192.
Church, Greek and Latin, i. 282.

Effects of union of, and State, i. 366.
What she had done, ii. 141.
Services, their influence on the people,
ii. 196.

Separation of, and State, ii. 220.
Cicero, his opinions and principles, i.

249.

Cimbri, cause of their invasion, i. 29.
Cipher, its derivation and meaning, ii. 39.

Alluded to by Emperor Otho, ii. 47.
Circle, the quadrature of, treated by
Archimedes, i. 189.

Circumnavigation of Africa, why under-

taken by the Egyptian Kings, i. 74.
Its repetition contemplated by Alex-
ander, i. 168.

Of the earth, ii. 167.
Results of, ii. 168.

Circumstances, how far man is the
creature of, i. 378.

Clement, of Alexandria, his invective
against the corruptions of Christi-
anity, i. 348.

Clement V., Pope, takes up his resi-
dence at Avignon, ii. 83.
Cleomedes, an astronomer of Alexandria
i. 197.

Cleopatra, the last of the Ptolemies, i.
195.

Is presented with one of the Alex-
andrian libraries, i. 307.
Clergy, responsible for the massacre at
Thessalonica, i. 303.
Support the delusion of superna-
turalism, ii. 109.
American, ii. 221.

English, accused by the Commons,
ii. 227.

Discipline Act, ii. 229.

Degraded condition of the lower, in
England, ii. 234.

"Clericis Laicos," bull issued by Pope
Boniface, ii. 79.

Clermont, Council of, authorizes the
First Crusade, ii. 21.

Climacus, John, author of "Ladder of
Paradise," ii. 56.

Climates, in time and place, ii. 306.
Clotilda, Queen of the Franks, counsels
her husband Clovis, i. 355.

Clouds and their nomenclature, ii. 360.
Cnidos, medical school of, i. 385.
Coal period, ii. 309.

Its botany, ii. 320.
Cochlea, its function, i. 5.
Cobham, Lord, executed for heresy and
treason, ii. 96.

Cœnobitism succeeds Eremitism, i. 421.
Coffee-houses, their political and social
importance, ii. 242.

Coinage, its adulteration, i. 244.
Coiter creates pathological anatomy,
ii. 275.

Cold, influence of, on man, i. 27.
Colleges founded by the Jews, i. 391;
ii. 117.

Colonial system, origin of Greek, i. 123.
Colonies, Greek, necessarily weak, i.

109.

Philosophical influence of, 123.
Colonnas, their quarrel with Pope
Boniface, ii. 78.

Colossus of Rameses II., its great anti-
quity, i. 83.

Colours of rainbow, ii. 367.

Columban, a missionary of the sixth
century, i. 356.

Columbus, his early life, ii. 155.

Is confuted by the Council of Sala-
manca, ii. 156.

His voyage across the Atlantic, ii. 157.
Discovery of America, ii. 158.
Commerce, developement of Mediter-
ranean, i. 43.

Favourable to the spread of new
ideas, i. 122.

Commerce, many of the devices of mo-
dern, known to the Carthaginians,
i. 125.
Communities, nature of progress of, i.

12.

Comnena, Anna, "Alexiad" of, ii. 57.
Condesuya, aqueduct of, ii. 181.
Condillac, his theory of memory and
comparison, i. 225.

Conon of Alexandria, i. 188.
Constance, Council of, ii. 96.
Constantine, the Great, the success of
his policy, i. 269.

Influence of the reign of, i. 269.
Removes the metropolis, i. 270.
His tendencies to Paganism, i. 271.
His relations to the Church, i. 272.
His policy, i. 273.

Conversion and death, i. 274.
Attempts to check the Arian con-
troversy, i. 277.

Denounces Arius as a heretic, i. 278.
Constantine Pope, an

usurper, his
cruel treatment, i. 367.
Constantine Copronymus, his icono-
clastic policy, i. 407.
Constantine Palæologus, the last of the
Roman Emperors, ii. 105.
Constantinople, Council of, i. 407.
Determines that Son and Holy Spirit

are equal to the Father, i. 290.
The seventh general, held at, i. 407.
Sack of, ii. 54.

Its literature, ii. 56.

Siege of, by the Turks, ii. 104.
Fall of, ii. 105.

Convocation, charges against, ii. 228.
Copais, tunnel of, i. 30.

Copernican system condemned by the
Inquisition, ii. 254.

Theory of, rectified, ii. 259.
Copernicus, the works of, ii. 247.
His doctrine, ii. 248.

Copronymus the Iconoclast, i. 407.
Cordova, description of, ii. 29.

Corinth, mechanical art reached its per-
fection in, i. 127.

Creations and extinctions, cause of, ii.
300.

Criterion of truth, existence of, doubted
by Anaxagoras, i. 105.

One of the problems of Greek philo-
sophy, i. 223.

Remarks on, i. 225.

A practical one exists, i. 228.
Criticism, effect of philosophical, i. 44.
Rise of, ii. 185.

Effect of, on literature and religion,
ii. 218.

Cross, the true, discovered, i. 292.
Crotona, a Greek colonial city, i. 107.
Its extent, i. 124.
Crusades, origin of, ii. 20.
The first, ii. 21.

Political result of, ii. 22.

In the South of France, ii. 59.
Effect of, ii. 131.

Ctesiphon, the metropolis of Persia,
sack of, i. 325.

Cuvier, his doctrine of the permanence
of species, ii. 315.

His remark on vivisection, ii. 338.
Cuzco, the metropolis of Peru, descrip-
tion of, ii. 176.

Cycle of life, i. 226.

Cyclopean structures, i. 30.
Cynical school,

143.

Cyprian, his complaints against the
clergy and confessors, i. 347.
Cyprian, St., his remarks at the Council
of Carthage, i. 282.

Cyprus taken by the Saracens, i. 325.
Cyrenaic school, i. 143.
Cyril, St., his acts, i. 310.

An ecclesiastical demagogue, i. 380.

Daillé, his estimate of the Fathers, ii. 219.
Damascus taken, i. 324.

Damasus, riots at the election of, i. 283.
Damiani, Peter, his charges against the

priests of Milan, ii. 7.
Death, interstitial, i. 13.

"Defender of Peace," nature of the work,
ii. 90.

Deification, John Erigena on, ii. 9.
Deity, anthropomorphic ideas of, in the
Koran, i. 332.

Delos, a slave market, i. 238.
Deluges, ancient, i. 29.

Delusions, of the sense, i. 223.

Created by the mind, i. 418.

Demetrius Phalereus, his instructions to

collect books, i. 182.

Demetrius Poliorcetes quoted, i. 160.
Democritus asserts the unreliability of
knowledge, i. 120.

399

Desert, influences of the, i. 6.
Destiny, Democritus's opinion of, i. 121.
Stoical doctrine of, i. 179.
Deucalion, deluge of, i. 49.
Dew, the nature of, ii. 371.
Diaphragm of Dicæarchus, i. 191.
Didymus, wonderful taciturnity related
of, i. 415.

Diocles, a writer on hygiene and gym-
nastics, 386.

Diocletian, state of things under, i.
267.

Diogenes of Apollonia developes the
doctrines of Anaximenes, i. 95.
Diogenes of Sinope extends the doc-
trines of Cynicism, i. 144.
Dioscorus, Bishop of Alexandria, de-
posed by the Council of Chalcedon,
i. 288.

Djafar, or Geber, an Arabian chemist,
describes nitric acid and aqua regia,
i. 398.

Djondesabour, medical college of,
founded by the Nestorians and
Jews, i. 381.

Patronized by the Khalif Al Raschid,
i. 391.

Docetes, their ideas of the nature of
Christ, i. 261.

Dogmatists, their theory of the treat-

ment of disease, i. 388.

Dominic, St., wonders related of, ii. 61.
Dominicans, they oppose Galileo, ii.
254.

Donatists recalled from banishment by
Constantine, i. 272.

Drama, an index of national mental
condition, ii. 241.

Draper's Physiology quoted, on cerebral
sight, i. 418.

On the benefits conferred by the
Church, ii. 141.

On the necessity of resorting to ana-
tomy and physiology, ii. 332.
Dreams, Algazzali's view of their nature,
ii. 49.
Druids, i. 233.

Du Molay, burnt at the stake, ii. 88.
Duns Scotus, John, a Franciscan monk,
the rival of Thomas Aquinas, ii. 14.
Duverney on the sense of hearing, ii. 277.
Ear, i. 5.
Earth, globular form of, implied by the
voyage of Columbus, ii. 159.

Earth, globular form of, proved by its sha-
dow in eclipses of the moon, ii. 167.
Is not the immovable centre of the
universe, ii. 246.
Age of, ii. 269.

Its slow cooling, ii. 290.
Mean density of, ii. 291.
Movement in the crust of, ii. 295.
Developement of life on, ii. 343.
Earthquakes, ii. 291.

Easter, dispute respecting, i. 282.
Ebn Djani, physician to the Sultan
Saladin, and author of a work on
the medical topography of Alex-
andria, ii. 120.

Ebionites, their doctrine of our Saviour's
lineage, i. 263.

Ebn Junis, a Moorish astronomer, ii.
39.

Astronomical table of, ii. 41.

Ebn Zohr, competitor of Raschi, ii. 119.
Ecclesiasticism, its decline, ii. 138.

Its downfall, ii. 274.

Eclipse, solar, predicted by Thales, i. 93.
Ecliptic, discovery of obliquity of, falsely
imputed to Anaximenes, i. 95.
Determined with accuracy by Al-
maimon, ii. 39.

Slow process of its secular variation,
ii. 294.

Ecstasy, i. 207.

Edessa, church of, re-built by Maowiyah

for his Christian subjects, i. 327.
Edward I., of England, compels the

clergy to pay taxes, ii. 79.
Egypt, conquest of, by Cambyses, i. 75.
Antiquity of civilization in, i. 77
Pre-historic Life of, i. 77.
Influence of, on Europe, i. 78.
Antiquity of its monarchy, i. 80.
Geological age of, i. 83.

Geography and topography of, i. 83.
Roman annexation of, i. 240.
Egyptian ports opened, i. 73.
Theology, i. 86.

Elcano, Sebastian de, the Lieutenant of
Magellan, ii. 168.
Eleatic philosophy, i. 113.

Influence of the school, i. 213.
Electricity, discoveries in, ii. 364.
Electro-magnetism, ii. 366.
Elixir of Life, i. 396.

Effect of the search for, on medicine,
i. 400.

Eloquence, Parliamentary, decline of
its power, ii. 198.
Elphinstone, quotation from, i. 61.
Elysium, i. 34.

Emanation, doctrine of, i. 219.

Empedocles, biography of, i. 118.
Empirics, their doctrine, i. 388.
England, conversion of, i. 355.
Policy of an Italian town gave an im-
press to its history, ii. 16.
Its social condition, ii. 222.
Condition of, at the suppression of
the monasteries, ii. 223.
Backward condition of, ii. 226.

State of, at the close of the seven-
teenth century, ii. 231.

Ephesus, Council of, called "Robber
Synod," ii. 226.

Determines that the two natures of
Christ make but one person, ii. 290.
Epictetus, his doctrines, i. 251.
Epicureans, modern, i. 162.
Epicurus, the doctrine of, i. 160.
His irreligion, i. 163.

Epicycles and eccentrics, Hipparchus's
theory of, i. 196.

Epochs of individual life, i. 14.
Of national life, i. 19.

Eratosthenes, the writings and works
of, i. 190.

Erasmus becomes alienated from the
Reformers, ii. 218.

Wonderful popularity of his "Col-
loquies," ii. 231.

Eremitism, its modifications, i. 420.
Eusebius, his contempt of philosophy,
i. 304.

Erigena, John, a Pantheist employed

by the Archbishop of Rheims, ii. 8.
Essenes, a species of the first hermits
among the Jews, i. 413.
Ether, movements of, ii. 369.
Ethical philosophy, i. 138.

Its secondary analysis, i. 159.
Ethics of Plato, i. 152.

Ethnical element, definition of, and con-
ditions of change in, i. 11.
Eucharist, difference of opinion about,
ii. 204.

Euclid, of Alexandria, his various works,
i. 188.

His reply to Ptolemy Philadelphus,
i. 387.

Euclid, of Megara, an imitator of
Socrates, i. 143.

Eugenius IV., Pope, dethroned by the
Council of Basle, ii. 99.
Eumenes, King of Pergamus, esta-
blishes a second library in Alex-
andria, i. 307.

Eunapius, his opinion of Plotinus, i.

205.

Eunostos, harbour of, connected by a
canal with Lake Mareotis, i. 312.