Abba Oumna, a distinguished Jewish
physician, i. 390.

Abbot Arnold, his sanguinary order at
the capture of Beziers, ii. 59.
Abderrahman slain at the battle of
Tours, ii. 28.

Abderrahman III., description of the
Court of, ii. 31.

Introduces cotton manufacture into
Spain, ii. 373.

Abderrahman Sufi improves the photo-
metry of the stars, ii. 41.
Abdallah penetrates Africa as far as
Tripoli, i. 323.

Abdalmalek invades Africa, i. 323.
Abdulmalek, his scrupulous integrity in

regard to the church of Damascus,
i. 327.

Abelard, Peter, his character and doc-
trines, ii. 10.

Abkah, his temporary success in subju-
gating Africa, i. 323.

Aboul Wefa discovers the variation of
the moon, i. 315.

Abraham Ibn Sahal, obscene character
of the songs of, ii. 34.
Absorption of the soul of man, the
Veda doctrine of, i. 57.
Abu-Bekr, the successor of Mohammed,
and first Khalif, i. 323.
Abul Cassem, a Moorish writer of the

tenth century on trade and com-
merce, ii. 42.

Abul Hassan, an Arab astronomer, ii.
40.

Abu Othman, a Moorish writer on
zoology, ii. 37.

Acacius, Bishop of Constantinople, ex-
communicates Felix, the Bishop of
Rome, i. 342.

Foundation of modern learned, ii. 277.
Academy, Old, founded by Plato, i. 163.
Middle, founded by Arcesilaus, i. 163.
New, founded by Carneades, i. 163.
Fourth, founded by Philo of Larissa,
i. 164.

Fifth, founded by Antiochus of As-
calon, i. 164.

Acherusian Cave, superstitiously be-
lieved to lead to hell, i. 34.
Achilles, spear of, preserved as a relic,
i. 49.

Puzzle, advanced by Zeno the Eleatic
as one of four arguments against
the possibility of motion, i. 117.
Acoustics, discoveries in, and pheno-
mena of, ii. 358.

Adrian, Pope, incurs the displeasure of

Charlemagne in consequence of
selling his vassals as slaves, i.

362.

Adriatic Sea, North, change of depth
in, 29.

Eneas Sylvius becomes Pope Pius II.,
i. 289.

His remark on the Council of Basle,
ii. 97.

On the state of faith, ii. 100.
On Christendom, ii. 106.
Aerial martyrs, account of, i. 414.
Eschylus condemned to death for
blasphemy, but saved by his bro-
ther Aminias, i. 47.
Esculapius, the father of Greek medi-
cine, i. 382.

Affinity, first employed in its modern
acceptation by Albertus Magnus,
ii. 149.

of Pharaoh Necho, i. 74.
Conquered by the Arabs, i. 323.
Effects of the loss of, on Italy, i. 340.
Circumnavigation of, by Vasco de
Gama, ii. 163.

Age of the earth, problem of, ii. 284.
Proofs of, ii. 323.
Age of Faith, Greek, i. 138.
Its problems, i. 213.
European, i. 298.

In the East, i. 316.

In the West, i. 339; ii. 1, 26, 75, 102.
Its literary condition, ii. 124.
Results of, in England, ii. 222.
Contrast of, and age of Reason, ii. 377.
Age of Greek decrepitude, i. 200.
Age of Inquiry, European, its solutions,
i. 210.

History of, i. 232, 258.

Age of Reason, European, its problems,
i. 214.

Approach of, ii. 147, 185.
History of, ii. 244, 284.

Age of Reason, Greek, i. 166.
Ages, duration of Greek, i. 215.
Ages, of life of man, i. 14.

Of intellectual progress of Europe,
i. 19.

Algazzali's, of life of man, ii. 50.
Each has its own logic, ii. 187.
Agriculture in a rainless country, i. 81.
Aiznadin, battle of, i. 324.

Air, modern discoveries of the relations
of, i. 97.

Aix-la-Chapelle, adorned by Charle-
magne, i. 363.

Al Abbas, a Moorish writer on botany,

and Germany, ii. 151.
Alchemy, theory and object of, i. 395.
Alemanni, Christianized at the begin-

ning of the sixth century, i. 354.
Alexander, Bishop of Constantinople,

his controversy with Arius, i. 276.
Alcuin, a Benedictine monk, founded
the University of Paris, i. 425.
Alexander II. excommunicates the
Bishop of Milan, ii. 16.

Alexander IV., Pope, he endeavours to
destroy the "Everlasting Gospel,"
ii. 76.

Alexander of Aphrodisias, his principles
and tendencies, i. 251.

Alexander the Great, his invasion of
Persia, i. 166.

His character, i. 168.
Alexandria, foundation of, i. 167.
Political state of, i. 195.

Decline of the school of, i. 199.
Description of, i. 312.
Its capture, i. 324.

"Alexiad" of Anna Comnena, ii. 57.
Algazzali, his writings and doctrines,
ii. 48.

Alhakem, Khalif, his extensive library,
ii. 31.

Alhazen discovers atmospheric refrac-
tion, ii. 40.
Review of, ii. 44.

His conclusions on the extent of the
atmosphere confirmed, ii. 358.
Ali, believed by the Shiites to be an in-
carnation of God, i. 336.

His patronage of literature carried
out by his successors, ii. 34.
Alineations, employed by Hipparchus
in making a register of the stars, i.
197.

Alliacus, Cardinal, the five memoirs of,
ii. 246.

Almagest, of Ptolemy, description of
i. 197.

Translated by Averrhoes, ii. 64.
Almaimon, his letter to the Emperor
Theophilus, ii. 38.

Determines the obliquity of the
ecliptic, ii. 39.

Also the size of the earth, ii. 40.
His accuracy confirmed by the mea-
surements of Fernel, ii. 247.
Almansor patronizes learned men irre-
spective of their religious opinions,
i. 325.

Alps, upheaval of, i. 29.

Al-Sirat bridge, spoken of in the Koran,

i. 335.

Alwalid I., Khalif, prohibits the use of
Greek, i. 328

Amadeus, elected "Pope Felix V.," ii.
100.

Amber brought from the Baltic, i. 44.
Supposed by Thales to possess a living
soul, i. 93.

Its electrical power imputed to a soul
residing in it, i. 96.

Study of its phenomena has led to
important results, ii. 364.

Ambrose of Milan converts St. Augus-
tine, i. 295.

Apology for the impostures practised
by, i. 303.

Ambrose Paré lays the foundation of
modern surgery, ii. 275.

America, persecutions practised in, ii. 113.
Discovery of, ii. 158.

Where name first occurs, ii. 159.
Crime of Spain in, ii. 182.
Antiquity of its civilization, ii. 184.
America, United States of, separation
of Church and State in, ii. 138, 220.
Opportune occurrence of the Revo-
lution, ii. 146.

Culmination of the Reformation in,
ii. 220.

American tragedy, ii. 161.
Ammon, St., wonder related of, i. 415.
Ammonius Saccas, reputed author of
the doctrines of Neo-Platonism,
i. 204.

Amrou, the Mohammedan general, takes

393

Animals, cold and hot-blooded, ii. 321.
Characteristics of, ii. 327.

In lower tribes of, the movements
are automatic, ii. 337.

Their instinctive and intellectual ap-
paratus, ii. 339.

Their nature, ii. 350.

Analogy between, and Man, ii. 351.
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury,

takes part in the dispute between
the realists and nominalists, ii. 11.
Anthropocentric stage of thought, i. 34.
Ideas, prominence of, i. 61.
Ruin of, ii. 270.

Philosophy, review of, ii. 278.
Anthony, St., a grazing hermit, i. 415.
Delusions of, i. 418.

Antimony, its uses, and origin of its
name, ii. 152.

Antiochus of Ascalon, founder of the
fourth Academy, ii. 164.
Antiochus, King of Syria, cedes his Eu-

ropean possessions to Rome, i. 239.
Antisthenes, founder of the Cynical
School, i. 143.

Antonina, wife of Belisarius, her cruel
treatment of Sylverius, i. 344.
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Emperor,
his acknowledgments to Epictetus,
i. 251.

Antonio de Dominis, outrage on the
body of, ii. 219.

Apennines, upheaval of, i. 29.
Apocalypse, comments on, ii. 76.
Apollonius Pergaus, the writings of,
i. 196.

His geometry underrated by Patristi-
cism, i. 306.

Apollonius of Tyana aids in the intro-
duction of Orientalism, i. 203.
Wonders related of, ii. 111.
Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican, the
rival of Duns Scotus, ii. 14.
Sojourns with Albertus Magnus, ii.

Arabs, civilization and refinement of
Spanish, ii. 29.

Introduce the manufacture of cot-
ton into Europe, ii. 373.
Invent cotton paper, and the print-
ing of calico by wooden blocks, ii.
373.

Arantius, a distinguished anatomist, ii.
275.

Arcesilaus, founder of the Middle Aca-
demy, i. 163.

Archimedes, the writings of, i. 188.

His mechanical inventions held in
contempt by Patristicism, i. 306.
Arctinus, his poems held in veneration,
i. 49.

Arddha Chiddi, the founder of Bud-
dhism, life of, i. 63.

Argonautic voyage, object of, i. 39.
Its real nature, i. 43.
Ariminium, Council of, i. 280.

Aristarchus attempts to ascertain the

sun's distance, i. 194.

Aristippus, the founder of the Cyrenaic
School, i. 143.

Aristotle keeps a druggist's shop in
Athens, 124, 386.
Biography of, i. 170.

His works translated into Arabic,
i. 391.

Aristotelism compared with Platonism,
i. 172.

Arithmetic, Indian, ii. 39.
Arius, his heresy, i. 276.

His death, i. 279.

Political results of his heresy, i. 316.
Arnold of Brescia, murder of, ii. 24.
Arnold de Villa Nova, biographical
sketch of, ii. 126.

Art, Black, i. 393.

Artesian Wells, ii. 290.

Articulata, anatomy of, ii. 338.
Asclepions, effect of the destruction of,
i. 376.

Nature and organization of, i. 382.
Asellius discovers the lacteals, ii. 276.
Asoka, King, patronizes Buddhism, i.
64.

Aspasia, history of, significant, 127.
Astrolabe, known to the Saracens, ii. 40.
Astronomical refraction, understood by
Alhazen, ii. 44.

Astronomy, primitive, i. 37.

Passes beyond the fetich stage, i. 96.
Of Eratosthenes, i. 193.

How she takes her revenge on the
Church, i. 350.

The intellectual impulse makes its
attack through, ii. 129.

Astronomy affords illustration of the
magnitude and age of the world, ii.
270.
Athanasius rebels against the Emperor
Constantine, 280.

First introduces monasticism into
Italy, i. 421.

Athene, statues of, i. 49.
Athens, her progress in art, i. 127.
Athens, her philosophy, i. 128.

Her fall, ii. 105.

Atlantic, first voyage across, ii. 157.
Atmosphere, height of, determined by
Alhazen, ii. 45.

Effects of light on, i. 309.

The phenomena and properties of, i.
355.

Atomic theory, suggested by Democritus,
i. 120.

Attalus, King of Pergamus, effect of his
bequests to Rome, i. 239.

Attila, king of the Huns, "the scourge
of God," invades Africa, i. 340.
Augsburg, Diet of, ii. 205.
Augustine, St., causes Pelagius to be
expelled from Africa, i. 284.
Writes the "City of God," i. 292.
Character of that work, i. 294.
Denies the possibility of the Anti-
podes, i. 305.

His notion of the Virgin, i. 351.

On spontaneous generation, ii. 318.
Auricular confession, introduction of,
ii. 63.

"Ausculta Fili," Papal bull of, ii. 81.
Australian, how affected by physical
circumstances, i. 25.

Avenzoar, a Moorish writer on phar-
macy, ii. 37.

Averrhoes, of Cordova, the chief com-
mentator on Aristotle, ii. 37.
His theory of the soul, ii. 188.
Confounded force with the psychical
principle, ii. 331.

His erroneous view of man, ii. 345.
Avicenna, the geological views of, i.

Bacon, Lord, nature of his philosophy,

ii. 250.

Bacon, Roger, titles of his works, ii.
117.

Is the friend of the Pope, ii. 128.
His history and his discoveries, ii.
149.

Baconian philosophy, its principles un-
derstood and carried into practice
eighteen hundred years before Ba-
con was born, ii. 170.
Bactrian empire, European ideas trans-
mitted through, i. 43.
Badbee, John, the second English mar-
tyr, denies transubstantiation, ii. 96.
Bagdad, Khalifs of, patronize learning,
i. 325.

Its university founded by the Khalif
Al Raschid, i. 391.
Baghavat Gita, i. 61.

Baines on the extent of the cotton ma-
nufacture, ii. 374.

Bajazet, defeats Sigismund, King of
Hungary, at the battle of Nicopolis,
ii. 102..

"Balance of Wisdom," probably writ-
ten by Alhazen, ii. 45.

Balboa discovers the Great South Sea,
ii. 169.

Ball, John, his preaching an index of
the state of the times, ii. 144.
Balthazar Cossa, Pope John XXIII.,
ii. 95.

Barbarians, Northern, their influence
on civilization in Italy, i. 404.
Barbarossa, Frederick, surrenders Ar-
nold of Brescia to the Church, ii.
24.

Barsumas assists in the murder of the
Bishop of Constantinople, i. 288.
Basil Valentine introduces antimony,
ii. 159.

Basil, St., Bishop of Cæsarea, founder
of the Basilean order of monks,
i. 424.

Basle, Council of, i. 99.
Bavarians Christianized, i. 354.
"Beatific Vision," questioned by John
XXII., ü. 91.

Beccher introduced the phlogistic theo-
ry, ii. 276.

Bechil, the discoverer of phosphorus,
i. 399.

Belgrade, taken by Soliman the Magni-
ficent, ii. 106.

Belisarius reconquers Africa, i. 317.
Captures Rome, i. 340.

Benedict, St., miracles related of, i. 423.
Benedictines, their numbers, i. 425.

395

Benedetto Gaetani, Cardinal, his parti-
cipation in causing the abdication
of Peter Morrone, Celestine V., ii.
77.

Ben Ezra, his numerous acquirements,
ii. 119.

Berengar of Tours, opinions of, ii. 9.

Many of his doctrines embraced by
Wickliffe, ii. 96.

Berkeley, his doctrine on the existence
of matter, i. 224.

Bernard of Clairvaux stimulates the se-
cond Crusade, ii. 23.

Bernard, St., attacks Abelard, ii. 10.
Bernardini, Peter, the father of St.
Francis, ii. 61.

Bertha, Queen of Kent, assists in the
conversion of England to Christi-
anity, i. 355.

Beziers, the capture of, by Abbot Ar-
nold, ii. 59.

Council of, opposes the Jewish phy-
sicians, ii. 121.

Bible, translated into Latin by Jerome,
i. 296.

Its superiority to the Koran, i.
333.

Translated into English by Wickliffe,
ii. 96.

Its character and general circulation,

ii. 218.

Biology originates with Anaximander,
i. 102.

Birds, migration of, i. 6.

Bishops, rivalries of the three, i. 289.
Their fate, i. 297.

Accusation of House of Commons
against the English, ii. 227.
Their reply, ii. 229.

Black Art sprang from Chaldee notions,
i. 393.

Black Sea, a dependency of the Medi-
terranean, i. 27.

Bleaching by chlorine, ii. 373.
Blood admixture, effect of, i. 15.

Degeneration, its effect, ii. 139.
Bodin's, 'De Republica,' i. 6.
Boccace, obtains a professorship for Le-
ontius Pilatus, ii. 188.

Boethius falls a victim to the wrath of
Theodoric, i. 343.

His character, i. 348.

Boilman, Tom, origin of the nickname,
ii. 236.

Boniface VIII., Pope, "Benedetto Gae-
tani," his quarrel with the Colon-
nas, ii. 78.

Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, his rapacity, ii. 73.