Animal Locomotion

action aërial albatross animals arms and legs arrangement artificial wave artificial wave wing artificial wing ascends ball-and-socket joint bat and bird biped blades body bones Borelli Compare with fig concave depressed described downward dugong elastic band elastic ligaments elbow-joint elevating and propelling elytra extended feathers feet figure-of-8 curves fins fish flexed flexion flight flying foot force fulcrum gannet glide horizontal direction humerus inclined planes increased insect insect wing joint kite less levers limbs locomotion long axis manner Marey motion move movements muscles muscular muscular system natural wing oblique oscillate pectoral fins pinion porpoise portions position posterior margin posterior or thin produced quadruped rapidity remarkable resistance reverse rigid root rotate sail screw shoulder-joint side Sir George Cayley speed spiral swimming tail thick margin travelling surfaces trunk universal joint upward direction upwards and forwards velocity vertical vibrate walking waved track wedge weight wing descends