appears to have escaped to Virginia, and Ingle to have remained in England, where three years later he preferred charges before the Parliament against Lord Baltimore's administration of Maryland affairs, but without any definite result. All but these two and their immediate followers doubtless acquiesced quietly enough in the rule of the apparently lenient Calvert, for no records of attempted punishment appear in connection with the governor's return, and three years later an act of general amnesty was passed. Only one person connected with the matter adopted a course that calls for special mention. Captain Hill, who had acted as governor while Calvert was deposed, had the audacity, some time after the restoration of peace, to claim a salary and other compensation for his services in the office, on the ground. that he had occupied it as Calvert's representative, the council having power to nominate such a one in case of the governor's absence. In a long "petition" he contradicted himself by calling Calvert's return an "invasion," represented himself as still entitled to his office, and put together a strange tissue of absurdities which were promptly rejected by the governor's successor; for the correspondence did not take place until death had put a sudden end to Calvert's long and able rule. The governor died on the ninth of June, 1647, after an illness that seems to have seized him on his return from the Isle of Kent. "Lying upon his death-bed, yet in perfect memory," he appointed Thomas Green, one of his council, to be his successor, and Mistress Margaret Brent, an unmarried sister of that Giles Brent who had once acted as his deputy, to be his administratrix.1 It is possible, as has been suggested in comments on this appointment, that the Brent family were related to the Calverts; at all events, they stood around the dying governor's bed when his last wishes were expressed; and Mistress Brent subsequently proved herself worthy of the trust reposed in her, if not by her judgment, at least by her remarkable strength of will and almost masculine energy and understanding in business.

Death of
Governor
Calvert.

Dearth of

With Calvert's administration ends that earliest period of Maryland's history, which the loss of records and the absence of personal narratives render somewhat more dim and vague than the busy beginnings of its sister colonies. The great outlines of its growth early Mary remain, but we must fill them out by inference rather than ities. by knowledge. Nothing of that abundance of picturesque detail, of quaintly told personal experience, of description of the everyday life of the settlers, which gives its vividness to the early history

land author

1 Kilty's Landholder's Assistant, p. 104, in Bozman, vol. ii., p. 315; and Neill's Terra Maria, 112, and 113 note.

2 Bozman, vol. ii., p. 307, note.

1647.]

DEATH OF GOVERNOR CALVERT.

515

of Virginia and New England, had come down to us from the quieter Catholic province. The Jesuit Father White's simple and beautiful

may

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death bed, yet in ffet messory) criminates & appoint Thomas Gruenes Gyp one of & Curcell of his Durice, to be Governor of ŏ Jemas, with all & James autho: of governt, as he. & je Leonard Calvert was authorized by his lif Com mich te confere uppor kim. As by & wels of 3 Is Marganell & Mary Brent, ffrences Anketill & James- Linsey, Cohe I f fames. hie), as werred to be true

Taft me Will m Bretton. Al

Fac-simile of MS. Records.1

were all then

1 For many years the MS. records of Maryland, to which Bozman and others writing in the early part of this century appear to have had access, have been lost. In December, 1875, a box of old papers, supposed to be worthless, was to be sold from the record office at Annapolis, when, on a careful examination of its contents, a portion of the MS. covering a considerable period subsequent to Calvert's death was discovered, in an almost complete state of preservation. Without disclosing any new facts of moment, it bears witness to the correctness of Bozman's transcripts. In the text a fac-simile is given of a part of the page bearing Clerk Bretton's record of Calvert's death-bed appointment of Green. It runs as follows:

Whereas by Commison from ye Rt Honble Cecill, Ld Prop' of ye Province of Mary Land to ye late GouernoTM Leonard Caluart Esqre bearing date ye 18th Septembr 1644 att his Lps [Lordship's] Fort att St Maries in ye sd Province Hee ye sd Leon. Calvert was authorized, in case hee should happen to dye, or be absent from time to time, out of ye sd Province to nominate elect & appoint such an able person inhabiting & residing within ye sd Province (as he on his discretion should make choice of, & thinke fitt) to be Governor of ye sd Province. These are therefore to publish & declare to all those whom it may concerne yt ye sd Leon. Calvert did by word of mouth on the Ninth day of June 1647 (lying uppon his death bed, yett in perfect memory) nominate & appoint Thomas Greene Esqr one of ye Counsell of this Province, to be Governor of ye same, wth all ye same authority & power of govermt as he ye sd Leonard Calvert was authorized by his Lps Commisn to conferre uppon him. As by ye oaths of Mrs Margaret & Mary Brent, Francis Ankesill & James Linsey (who were all then present wth him att ye same time) is averred to be true.

Teste me Willm Bretton, Clk.

journal throws a pleasant light upon the settlement's earliest days; but the story of his own and his companions' journeys among the Indians along the Potomac, of their pious devotion and endurance, their hardships and bloodless victories, hardly belongs to the annals of the State itself, but rather to the history of that remarkable priesthood whose adventures read like passages of a romance.

Enough remains of the annals of Lord Baltimore's colony, however, to show most plainly those distinctive features which separated its founders sharply from all the other strongly-marked types from which the varying races of the future nation sprang. Here were men trained in a different school from New Englanders or Virginians; men with a singular mixture of religious enthusiasm, culture, practical shrewdness, and liberal statesmanship; far enough in advance of their age to take warning from the errors of others, and while they founded a province in which were mingled feudal and popular, despotic and constitutional institutions, to administer it with such prudence that it grew strong and gained permanence more quickly and tranquilly than any of its predecessors.

FRESH EMIGRATION TO MASSACHUSETTS. - A NEW CHARTER. ARRIVAL OF HIGGINSON AND SKELTON. THE FIRST CHURCH AT SALEM.. THE CASE OF JOHN AND SAMUEL BROWNE. THEY ARE ORDERED BACK TO ENGLAND BY ENDICOTT. -THE COUNCIL'S REBUKE. - PROPOSED TRANSFER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE COLONY TO NEW ENGLAND. - PROBABLE MOTIVES OF THE COUNCIL IN PROCURING THE PATENT. -THE CAMBRIDGE CONFERENCE. WINTHROP CHOSEN GOVERNOR.DEPARTURE FOR NEW ENGLAND. HIS FAREWELL ADDRESS TO ENGLISH CHURCH

Arrival of new colo

IN June, 1629, three vessels entered the harbor of Salem, followed a few days later by three others. They carried, besides their crews, four hundred and six men, women, and children, nists at Saone hundred and forty head of cattle, forty goats, a large lem. stock of provisions, of tools, of arms, of all things necessary to plant a a colony. No enterprise so well appointed as this at the start had heretofore been sent to North America.

With the exception of the Plymouth people, all the colonies hitherto had been commercial adventures, managed in an office in London. Indeed, Plymouth even was not without this purely trading purpose,

1 This is Prince's statement-in the Chronology- on the authority of the colonial records, and according to the warrant of the lord treasurer, for the transportation. Dudley, in his letter to the Countess of Lincoln (vol. ii. Force's Historical Tracts and Young's Chronicles), says, "about 300 people; " Francis Higginson, in his New England's Plantation, says, "we brought with us about two hundred passengers," but he refers doubtless to the first three ships only.

which, however necessary to its making a beginning, was not its impelling motive, while the shrewd men who governed there soon saw that it must be rendered subsidiary to the interests of the colonists themselves, who were men and not machinery. In Virginia, already for twenty years, the experiment-presently to be repeated in Maryland of founding a commonwealth upon the labor of bondsmen and the production of one great staple of trade, had proved to be successful, so far as it was successful at all, only in spite of its inherent viciousness. New Netherland was a great Dutch trading-post, where patroons took the place of tobacco-planters; Dutch boors served instead of servants for a term of years, sometimes taken from the English jails, or scraped together from the most wretched of the English poor. Just so far as this trading spirit was subordinated to some higher purpose; just so far as men were held higher than merchandise and the poor man's chance as of greater value than the rich man's opportunity, there these early colonies struck deepest root, and became the soonest strong and prosperous.

Character and causes of the new Puritan emigration.

Charles I. had been king only about four years, but there were already signs in England, significant enough to those who were wise, of coming trouble. Influences and events were gradually preparing men for a stormy future, and the number of those who sought to escape from it was rapidly increasing. These persons were not like the Pilgrims, bound together as with hooks of steel, by years of exile and poverty, but they, nevertheless were Puritans, earnest Protestants against the corruptions and formalities of the established church; some even Non-conformists; and all turning their faces wistfully toward the new land, where perhaps distance and obscurity might secure to them religious and political freedom at least would take them out of the thick of the evils which they knew could not be escaped much longer at home.

The Massa

The movement, begun at Dorchester by the Rev. Mr. White, with no more ambitious purpose than to plant a colony of fishchusetts Bay ermen at Cape Ann; growing then to the larger project Company. under Endicott with a grant of lands from the Plymouth Company, had assumed other proportions under a royal patent. The new corporation was styled "The Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England.”1

Of this company Matthew Cradock, a London merchant, was the

1 By Massachusetts Bay was understood, at that time, what is now called Boston Harbor, from Nahant to Point Alderton. Winthrop's History of New England, by James Savage, vol. i., p. 27.

2 Endicott's wife was a cousin of Cradock's. The exposure and hardships of the first winter were a sore affliction to Endicott's people, and among those who died, it is supposed, was Mrs. Endicott. Dr. Fuller, the physician at New Plymouth, was sent by Gov.