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IMPORTANCE OF THE MALE FIDDLER CRAB'S CLAW

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IDDLER crabs have long been of great importance to students of evolution owing to the definiteness of certain distinctions between the males and the females. The male bears an enormous claw on one side of the body which is in striking contrast with its feeble mate on the opposite side. Since the time of Darwin, these crabs, known scientifically as crustaceans, have been believed to supply evidence if not proof of sexual selection. The great claw and bright coloration of the male differ markedly from the comparatively dull dress of the female. One careful investigator is convinced that among some fiddler crabs, at any rate, the males, who are greatly in excess of the females, use the big and beautifully colored "cheliped" or claw not only for fighting with each other, which they do frequently, but likewise for the purpose of courting the females. There has, it is true, been controversy over the subject, for not all scientists think the

IN MAKING LOVE

claw useful to the male fiddler crab in his love making. As one means of settling the dispute, Professor A. S. Pearse, of the University of Wisconsin, investigated the subject in a colony of these crabs in the Philippines, verifying his observation later in a colony on the Massachusetts coast.

During the mating season, this student observes, in a paper contributed to the last annual report of the Smithsonian Institution, a fiddler crab colony is a most animated spectacle. If a female walks across the mud, every male stands at the mouth of his hole and waves his big claw frantically up and down, often accentuating such movements by squatting and stretching with his walking legs. If a female approaches, he makes every effort to induce her to enter his burrow, frequently dancing or posturing before her. Here is an actual instance of one courtship, which is typical of the lovemaking of these interesting crabs in general:

MAKING LOVE

Here we see a male crab waving his great claw to attract the attention of a female of his species. The picture was drawn by Hattie Wakeman from a photograph by a college professor and the scene is West Falmouth, Massachusetts.

"The male waved, and at 12.17 p. m. the object of his attention approached and went part way into his burrow. He rushed up and tried to push her in, but she resisted. He then retired 3 inches and stood motionless for three minutes with his claw outstretched in front, then sneaked up and again tried to push his prospective mate into the burrow. She again resisted, he retired, and both were quiet for two minutes. The male then approached cautiously and stood motionless with upraised chela close to the female for three and a half minutes; then he again attempted to push her down, but without success. He then legs assumed a statuesque pose which he raised his claw and standing high on his held for 10 minutes (I took his picture). The female, meanwhile, fed a little, moved away a couple of inches, then went part way down the hole. When the male again approached, she dodged, but came back and entered the hole. The male stood over her for more than a minute. She male stood over her again. At 12.42 he dodged away, again came back, and. the went to one side of the burrow, she to the other; and they stood thus for four min

utes. At 12.46 the female moved away an inch, at 12.52 the male dodged quickly into his burrow, and the female went up to him, but a minute later she moved away several feet and finally went elsewhere. The male, however, was soon consoled, for at 1.02 p. m., he was standing at the mouth of his hole waving at another female."

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The male made no attempt to use his great claw in holding the female. After his first rush, he had every appearance of proceeding with great caution as if he feared a too arduous wooing might cause his prospective mate to leave. After every repulse he retired a little way and displayed his charms for a time before making, another advance. Apparently he was attempting to "demonstrate his maleness. In the Philippines, crabs were often seen standing motionless with outstretched claw for as much as twenty minutes. Perhaps such individuals were looking about for a mate. Concerning the structural differences between the sexes, it may be affirmed that the chela or great claw of the male does not serve for burrowing or feeding. In fact, it is rather a disadvantage in either of these activities:

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"It is of no advantage during actual mating, but unquestionably serves as a signal which is waved to attract the attention of females. The great chela is of undoubted use to the male in combats with his fellows and in defending himself from other enemies. In this respect it is comparable to the secondary sexual characters of some other male animals, such as the stag's antlers, the cock's spurs, and the tusks of the walrus. Among

THE PECULIARITIES OF THE GENIUS EXPLAINED

higher animals in which the male possess such aggressive organs, however, the females are protected and cared for to some extent, but nothing of this sort is known among decapod crustaceans with secondary sexual adaptations. Thus, altho many of the crustacea have two adaptations which might fit them for colonial life-through the mother carrying her

eggs and young for a time, thus having opportunity to start a colony with them, and through the aggressive adaptations of the males, which might enable stronger individuals of that sex to gather a number of females about them-their instincts have prevented them from developing it.

"Alcock believes 'no one can doubt that the claw of a male has become conspicu

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ous and beautiful in order to attract the female,' and that 'it is used as a signal to charm and allure the females.' Tho there are perhaps such minor objections to such a statement of the case, it is certain that male fiddlers do wave their claws, dance, and pose in the presence of females. The evidence to this effect seems overwhelming and convincing."

A PHYSICIAN'S ATTEMPT TO PUT LITERARY CRITICISM ON A MEDICAL BASIS

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ENIUS appears to the distinguished pathologist, Doctor Robert T. Morris, to be nothing more than associative faculty of a high order. High order of associative faculty belongs, he says, to the group of phenomena manifested by individuals whose cell protoplasm has been sensitized beyond the mean degree. This sensitization is due to microbe influence, no matter whether from direct toxic impression made by the bacterial products inside the system, or from liberated endo-toxins or from "proteolytic" end-result poisons. That is, the system may have some poison within, directly from without, or it may accumulate poison, using the last word comprehensively, by the action of certain internal secretions. The main fact, that cell protoplasm is peculiarly sensitized through microbic influence of one sort or another, is the only point that concerns Doctor Morris in the argument. The highly sensitized protoplasm of the genius is particularly vulnerable to injurious toxic stimuli. At the same time it is particularly responsive to impressions made by facts upon a mind which is tuned to the "vibrations" of a large number of related facts. The fact of this sensitized protoplasm being peculiarly vulnerable to injurious toxic stimuli accounts for the observation that geniuses are so often ill men. * There are as many geniuses among bankers, engineers and railroad mag*WAYSIDE NOTES. By Robert T. Morris, M.D. Doubleday, Page and Company.

nates as there are among artists, painters and musicians. The only reason why we instinctively think of genius in connection with literature and art is because the geniuses in such fields are free to present a record of their feelings to the public:

"The geniuses among bankers, engineers and railroad magnates are obliged to have their feelings checked up by brutal Boards of Directors, and the application of their visions must have a very practical bearing. There is no difference, let us say, between the degree of genius of a given railroad president and of a given writer. The railroad president has his visions checked up by a board of fifteen directors chosen by the bondholders because of their known responsibility. The writer, on the other hand, or the artist, is free to let his visions percolate through the minds of the mass of readers whose responsibility belongs in no sort of classification. Literature and art give an outlet for both good and bad abnormal feelings, but railroad and bank management give an outlet to little excepting the practical application of feelings of their presidents, and only when these are abnormally valuable. By 'abnormal' I mean the feelings of genius. The banker, engineer, or railroad president who is a genius must be mentally sane in order to maintain his position. The writer or artist may be eminently sane or he may be in some stage his feelings go on record. Mistakes are of actual clinical insanity at the time when made in considering the question of genius unless we divide the question into two distinct parts,-first, the value of a genius to the race so far as his mental product is concerned; second, the value of a genius in so far as his physical product is concerned (his progeny)."

MALE IN COURTING ATTITUDE BEFORE A FEMALE

Drawn by Hattie Wakeman from a photograph taken at West Falmouth, Massachusetts.

A creative genius may present a mind of the first class; but this is not handed down to progeny. Men have assumed that products of a highly developed plant or animal of any sort were desirable, and that the plant or animal furnishing such products was desirable as a type for propagation. All our efforts have been towards establishing such types among plants or animals. Herein lies the fallacy when we deal with genius, because we are dealing with variation from the mean type. Mutation is constantly occurring among plants and animals as a result of special stimuli. Variants from a type do not have a tendency to dominate and to supplant the type form, excepting under conditions where variation has been in response to prolonged environment. Variations curring as a result of injury through microbe toxin are not of the sort to establish a new desirable type among men. Men may show practically a creative type of mind while they are actually clinically insane according to the new classifications. The question of proportion enters here:

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"In most of the stages of psychoses in most of the men who are actually clinically insane, not much work is done. Otherwise the asylums would furnish a great outpouring of minds of the first class. When a genius gets as far as to the asylum he is entirely out of gear as a ruler, but before that time, or after, when on parole, he may do very remarkable work of enormous value or of enormous harm to society.

"If so many geniuses are insane it may be asked why we do not hear more of genius directly from the asylums. The answer is, because the converse of the proposition is not true. Many geniuses are insane, but not many of the insane are geniuses. So far as that particular point is concerned, however, we may find at almost every State hospital some one or more inmates who are looked upon by the officials as men of very remarkable mentality, and who might exert great force in various fields of work in the world were it not for a psychosis which makes them as irresponsible as were Dean Swift, Rousseau, or Strindberg."

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The genius serves more useful purposes for the world than for his family or for himself, as a rule.

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THE GREATEST TRIUMPH OF APPLIED SCIENCE

VERY now and then an item appears in a newspaper recording some new aspect of the crisis in the aniline laboratories. Gray hair, for example, has suddenly become very fashionable in London and in Paris. The tinting of the past is unprocurable. Nearly a million workers have lost their employment in England alone because of the cessation of imports from Germany. The German color industry, observes London Nature, is probably the most complicated, the most highly developed and the most profitable instance of applied chemistry in the annals of science. The Germans above anyone else have realized that in this field of human endeavor the scientific mind and scientific effort and method must dominate. The boards of directors of their large establishments are virtually committees of technical experts in intimate touch with their respective specialties. In a word, the trained man of science has come into his own in these great works.

Neglect of applied science outside of Germany has plunged the world into the aniline dye crisis. Great Britain in particular has taken fright, for the various branches of her trade now affected have an output of a billion dollars annually. The magnitude, imminence and gravity of the crisis led to the formation in London of a committee of chemists. The scientific side of their coming labors is thus indicated by our expert contemporary:

"We have, of course, a super-abundance of the coal-tar products which form the basis of the manufacture, but the manufacture of certain essential reagents, e. g., fuming sulphuric acid, tho already existing, may have to be increased.

"Government assistance will be required in regard to the provision of cheap alcohol, and the resources and skill of the chemical engineer will be heavily drawn upon to provide the essential apparatus. A great number of chemists will be needed to work out the details of known processes, first on the laboratory scale, and later on a bulk basis, and the wellequipped laboratories and staffs of the universities and larger technical institu

tions might well be pressed into service

for much of the preliminary work. Many chemists will also be required for developing new processes and other research work, because of no other industry can it be so truly said that stagnation spells failure.

"The great complexity of the manufacture of dyestuffs is not due to the use of a large number of raw materials, the direct products from coal tar being only nine or ten. By chemical treatment these are, however, transformed into 250 to 300 different intermediate products which, in their turn, yield some 1,200 chemically distinct dyestuffs. In some processes of

IN HUMAN HISTORY

manufacture high temperatures and pres-
sures are required; in others the tempera-
ture must be reduced, and a large refrig-
erating plant is an essential feature of a
color works.

"Surely, then, it is abundantly evident
that the technical expert must be the pre-
ponderating element in the dye factory,
and that he must have a large share in the
management and control. The British
custom of entrusting the management of
large concerns to financiers, commercial
magnates, and 'men of affairs' has done
much to retard the scientific development
of our industries, and the adequate repre-
sentation of the technical expert on the
directorate is vital to the success of the

new scheme."

This movement to reorganize the basis of what is a specialized department of science rather than a business has directed the attention of experts in chemistry throughout Great Britain to coal tar generally as the source of synthetic dyestuffs. Only those who have made a special study of the subject, adds our contemporary, realize to what extent coal tar enters into the manu

facture of materials essential not only in great industries but in our minor every-day requirements. It is used not only in practically every manufacturing process where dyes are needed. From it is obtained some of our nerve soothers, such as aspirin, and, on the other hand, it enters into the manufacture of the most terrific explosives. Indeed, coal tar may be described as one of the products which synthetic chemistry has converted into a dire human necessity. An expert on the subject writes thus in the Manchester Guardian of coal tar:

"Its discoverer, Johann Becker, a German chemist, more than two hundred years ago laid the foundation upon which one of the most remarkable stories of applied science is built. He discovered a method of extracting tar from coal, leaving the latter after the tar was extracted as useful as before for ordinary purposes. He applied to coal the process of destructive distillation, a process by which any organic substance can be heated and decomposed in a retort and the resultant gases, liquids, and solids collected.

"Evil-smelling and unsavory as this tar

is, it is the rough material from which

many valuable substances are obtainedsubstances the most diverse in character, triumphs of the chemist's patience and skill, indispensable factors in the most essential arts and industries of life. They include a wide range of colors and an equally wide range of perfumes, flavors, and medicines; various kinds of burning and lubricating oils, photographic developers, asphalt for pavements, and, as already stated, the most powerful explosives.

"When gas was being introduced as a new light in the early days of the last century, tar was almost a waste product.

Frederick Accum, whose "Treatise on Gas Lighting' opened the eyes of London to the advantages of the new illuminant, suggested the boiling of tar in a still, and the condensation and collection of the volatile products. The process yielded two kinds of oil-one heavy, the other light and volatile. The heavier oil was used as a preservative for wood that had to be fixed underground, such as telegraph poles, or submerged in water as the logs of piers and bridges. The lighter oil was found useful in many ways. A Glasgow chemist, Macintosh, used it in waterproofing the clothing which still bears his name. It was used as a solvent in varnish making, and, as coal-naphtha, was used for lighting purposes. The subsequent discovery of what this naphtha contained was like the finding of a hidden treasure, a rich treasury of colors which for myriads of centuries had been locked up in coal and its despised refuse tar. The discoverer was Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. From the naphtha he extracted benzine, and from let, yellow, blue, and green are derived.

benzine the most lustrous shades of vio

But it was Hofmann's pupil W. H. Perkin (afterwards Sir William Perkin) who made the manufacture of benzine on a commercial scale possible. He was only eighteen years of age when he produced his mauve dye experimentally."

The discovery of benzine and the various resulting dyes revolutionized the color industry. Years before the had been obtained from the indigo clever Perkin came upon aniline it plant "anil." Perkin was experimenting upon the artificial production of quinine and in using the base known as aniline he obtained the coloring we call mauve. The discovery of mauve created a large demand for the artificial aniline base and gave quite an unexpected value to Hofmann's benzine. It yielded aniline by being treated with nitric acid and with the borings of cast iron powdered into a dust. Having done its work in the aniline still, the dust was used by the gas maker to cleanse his coal gas from sulphur and then it passed to the manufacturing chemists, who burnt the sulphur out of it and produced sulphuric acid-a cycle of operations whose beginning and end was the utilization of waste.

At the present time almost every color and shade of color is derived from aniline. The processes employed are innumerable and the names of the dyes endless. The modern kaleidoscopic attractions of Ascot and Hyde Park, Fifth Avenue and Central Park, the Bois de Boulogne and the Champs Elysées, are in a great measure the re

and parasols

sult of the researches of Perkin. A society summer-gathering without its aniline-tinted dresses would startle us with its gloom and not even a party of Roman emperors,

THE MONSTER OF THE ARTILLERY PARK

robed in togas of Tyrian purple, could restore the color scheme. 'Hofmann wrote that at no distant date England would become the greatest color-producing country in the world, sending blues to indigo-growing India, distilled crimson to cochinealladen Mexico, and fossil substitutes for quercitron and safflower to China and Japan. Hofmann was a better chemist than a prophet. France first took up the manufacture on a large scale, but France, like the rest of the world, soon fell behind the scientific German with his superior genius for synthetic chemistry:

"The products of coal tar are not confined to colors. The smell of coal tar is

the last thing in the world to suggest new-mown hay, yet Perkin made the perfume from a tar product. One of the most popular natural perfumes, cumarin, not so much used now as some years ago, was made from vegetable substances, vernal grass or woodruff. It is now made from carbolic acid. A most widely used flavoring for cooking purposes, vanilla, was prepared from a bean. It is now obtained from the vanillin of the gas works, and even this vanillin can be made into a heliotrope perfume by the addition of oil of almonds, while the latter can be produced by treating benzine with an the name of essence of mirbane are used acid. Huge quantities of this oil under every year in the manufacture of scented soaps.

"In medicine and surgery, too, the products of coal tar have been beneficial.

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Diabetic patients use saccharin, Fahlberg's wonderful product, many hundred times the sweetening power of sugar. Carbolic acid is separated from the oil of coal tar by many successive distillations, and in surgical operations a spray of germkilling carbolic is used. It prevents mor

tification and saves life. Quinoline, antipyrine, and other fever assuagers are made from coal tar, and various antiseptics and food preservers are also obtained from it. Things that fifty years ago could only be produced in the laboratory in the smallest quantities can now be obtained in huge quantities from coal tar, things mutually antagonistic too. There is hardly a department of life into which the products of coal tar do not enter, and, seeking for romance in the most unlikely and prosaic quarters we surely find it here in chemistry."

S

EVIDENCE OF THE REALITY OF THE MYSTERIOUS

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KEPTICAL as has been the attitude of the allies to the alleged monster gun in the artillery of the Germans-fortytwo centimeter and little over or sixteen and a half to seventeen inch-there is now in the French technical press ample evidence that such gigantic artillery has been put to actual use by the Kaiser's forces. It seems true that drawings of this mysterious gun in the London Engineer were made under difficulties and do not afford precise details. It is a further fact that the mechanism of this gun is in important respects a secret still. Nevertheless, the weapon has seen service, for it was turned out by the Krupps to the number of eight at least. This artillery seems, from what the British technical organ reports, to have been handled by specialists from the great works at Essen, the average German artillery officer not having been let into its secrets. One observer beheld the guns in the Cologne Station, and he obtained a fairly correct notion of its structure, if we may rely upon particulars supplied by the Paris Génie Civil. The gun is said to be mounted upon a sort of gondola truck, fifty-nine feet long. This truck is sectionalized to facilitate the negotiation of difficult railroad curves. The gun carriage is borne by a roller ring, some nine feet in diameter, being rotated by hydraulic power. The gun is elevated as well as turned by hydraulic power. Further, as revealed by an expert in the London Spectator:

"When it is in action hydraulic jacks are placed under the truck, thus relieving the bogies of all weight. The gun is fired by electricity from a distance. The shell, which is said to be nearly five feet long, is charged with picric acid, and has a range of nearly nine miles at forty-five

GERMAN GUN

degrees' elevation. A small revolving crane is used to pick the shells out of the ammunition wagon and place them on the loading tray. It is not known what means are used for ramming the shell home.

"The whole siege train for this gun is necessarily very large. Besides the gun truck and ammunition wagon, there are a locomotive and tender, a carriage for the gun crew, and a wagon containing a petrol engine to drive the various auxiliaries-hydraulic pumps, a dynamo, and so forth. The whole train cannot weigh less than three hundred tons. Altho it is prob

able that the shells, which contain an ab

normally high proportion of explosive, are comparatively thin, they cannot weigh much less than three-quarters of a ton. One need only bear such facts in mind to come to the conclusion that the movements and firing of the gun must all be extremely slow. A few stately rounds a day would be all that it could accomplish. For nearly all purposes a smaller piece would have great advantages, even on the assumption that the use of the largest possible artillery was necessary. In only one case in a hundred where siege artillery is required could the 42 centimeter be used. It could not be carried over makeshift bridges nor on inferior roads; the damage done to both a siege train weigh ing three hundred tons would be very great, even if it did not break them

down."

It is by no means certain, notwithstanding recent newspaper despatches, that the forty-two centimeter gun was actually employed in battering down the Belgian forts. A smaller gun could have done the work, and probably did. As the London Engineer points out, forts have been built on the principle that the largest weapon likely to be brought against them would be a nineinch howitzer, throwing a shell of some three hundred pounds. It seems quite probable that the famous Austrian twenty-eight centimeter or eleven-inch

gun was borrowed by the Germans and they seem to have used it in some of their operations.

The guns in the outer forts of defended cities, as the expert in the London Spectator observes, are protected either by chilled cast iron cupolas or by forged steel turrets. These are surrounded by aprons of cast iron, or steel blocks, designed to protect the ring on which the cupola or turret revolves. Below the turret are various vaults of ferro-concrete, some containing machinery and the shell hoists, and others serving as shelters for the garrison. When a cupola or turret is struck by a 748-pound shell, fired from an eleveninch gun, it is sure to be penetrated. But high-angle fire from howitzers is uncertain. Some forts in the war zone were destroyed not because much damfered a small target, but because the age was done to the cupolas, which offerro-concrete mass was broken up. The cupolas resting on the concrete became jammed and would no longer revolve, and the vaults themselves were laid open to shell fire. The alleged poisoning of the garrison of some forts by the fumes of the melinite shells was, says the London Engineer, purely imaginary. Picric acid, says this technical authority, generates, when it detonates completely, a certain volume of carbonic acid and carbonic oxide, but the blast and subsequent inrush of air are so violent that little danger of suffocation is to be apprehended. When the picric acid is partly burned and partly detonated, as is usually the case, the fumes are pungent and disagreeable, but not dangerous. The same remark applies to trinitrotoluol and similar explosives. It must not be supposed, the expert of the London Spectator warns us, that the French are without a counterpart to the big German guns.

RELIGION AND SOCIAL ETHICS

WANTED: A REBIRTH OF HUMANITARIAN ETHICS FOR

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"In any constructive program for the future we must recognize that certain rotten stones were laid in the foundations of western civilization, and that these must be removed if the whole superstructure is not to fall. As examples, we need only point to the materialism, individualism, and hyper-nationalism of the nineteenth century, which the twentieth century also is apparently starting out to take as its practical guides. These doctrines are socially negative: materialism, because at bottom it denies the reality of the spiritual or psychic elements which alone make civilization possible; individualism, because it denies the reality of the common life, upon recognition of which must rest the sense of social responsibility and obligation; hyper-nationalism, or national egoism, because it denies the common life of humanity and the unlimited obligation of nations to humanity. Yet we have been trying to build the delicate and complex structure of a humanitarian civilization upon these socially negative and destructive doctrines."

It is no wonder to Professor Ellwood that such social doctrines have been breeding a mass of barbarians within the gates of western civilization. Nor does he discover either in history or sociology any assurance of continuous progressive social evolution. Conflict between peoples and classes may indefinitely accelerate the process of relapse toward barbarism. A different social philosophy must prevail if our civilization is to be saved from going down in a series of hopeless conflicts between classes, nations, and races. What people must be led to accept, as Professor Ellwood sees it, is "an ethic which shall teach the individual to find

his self-development and his happiness in the service of others, and which will forbid any individual, class, nation or even race from regarding itself as an end in itself apart from the rest of humanity."

Back of the present war, which rep

CIVILIZATION'S SAKE

resents an acute phase of prevalent social disorders, the sociologist defines the real social problem as the problem of human living together. That this problem is fundamentally spiritual is Professor Ellwood's repeated contention.

"Man's social life, like individual character, develops about two poles-one, the material conditions of life, and the other, the psychic controls over life, which are represented by values, ideas, and ideals. No one who has investigated the social conditions of the present would deny for an instant the importance of the material conditions of life, especially of economic conditions, upon our civilization, and so upon this European war. But admitting the importance of the material conditions of life, no one has shown how these conditions can be controlled except through ideas. Unless the psychic element can exercize some control over economic conditions, for example, a melioristic attitude toward the problems of our civilization is impossible."

We face the very forces which undermined Roman civilization: commercialism, individualism, materialistic standards of life, militarism, a low estimate of marriage and the family, agnosticism in religion and in ethics. According to Professor Ellwood, those who attribute the social disorders not to egotistic, socially negative doctrines, but to biologic or economic necessities, miss the correct analysis. While biologic and economic conditions act as stimuli, the real roots of civilization are always in the mental attitudes and conscious values of individuals. Professor Ellwood maintains that the unity of human groups of all sizes is essentially a psychic or spiritual matter. Destroy the psychic element in it and we would have no society. Further, the psychic or spiritual elements in social life are not wholly derived from the immediate environment, but have a life history of their own.

"What makes civilization? The level of civilization in social development is not reached until in addition to all of the in

stincts, habits, feelings and sentiments which unite men into groups we have certain socially coordinating, unifying ideas and ideals. For essentially civilization is the discovery, diffusion and transmission from age to age of the knowledge, beliefs, ideas, and ideals by which men have found it possible to conquer

nature and live together in well-ordered groups. It is, in large measure, the substitution of a 'subjective environment' of ideas and ideals for the objective environment of material objects; and cultural evolution is possible only through the . continuity of this subjective environment, that is, through the continuity of ideas and social values. Civilization, in other words, is at bottom the creation and transmission of ideal values by which men regulate their conduct. It is, therefore, essentially a spiritual affair and cannot be measured by changes in the material environment, prone as we may be to measure it thus. While human society was from the start psychic, it is manifest that only in its higher developments does it become so dominated by the psychic that it may well be called spiritual. Likeness

in the beliefs and ideals of its members becomes finally even more important than the likeness of impulse, habit, and feeling which was the original foundation of group-life."

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A hopeful note is sounded from the sociological standpoint by F. S. Marvin in the Hibbert Journal, for he is sure that science will grow and fellowship will spread. He does not doubt that man is born for ultimate unity and holds that all real progress consists in an approach to it. The main stream of history is the growth of a world-community of men, but not one resting primarily on political action or aiming at any form of political unity.

"There is a stronger link than the political, bonds that will hold men and generations together tho empires crash and states destroy themselves in paroxysms of hatred and conflict. This true and permanent bond is the community of all mankind in the structure of thought which has arisen from the free interaction of men's minds in all the periods of their

growth, and rides supreme above all

differences of color or nation, climate, government, or age.”

The essentially social character of reason has not been sufficiently realSciized, according to Mr. Marvin. ence or systematic knowledge is, like

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