for the Haber synthesis-nitrogen from the atmospheric air and hydrogen from water gas-are obtainable in unlimited

quantities in the country. In the Haber synthesis ammonia is first produced which, in the form of the sulphate of ammonium, is as efficient a fertilizing material as saltpeter. This method, however, has the disadvantage that the ammonia must be converted into nitric acid by processes which are not yet completely worked out. Undoubtedly, however, the economical manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia

will soon become an accomplished fact, as recent publications seem to indicate that the problem is almost solved. During the present war all the saltpeter in the German Empire has been requisitioned by the government for the manufacture of nitric acid and the production of ammunition, while sulphate of ammonium obtained by the Haber synthesis and that recovered from the by-product of the coking industries takes its place for fertilizing purposes. The output of the existing Haber plant was doubled at the beginning of the war in order to provide sufficient sulphate of ammonium for the coming crops, and it is said that since that time another unit is in course of construction which will definitely secure Germany's requirements for nitrogenous fertilizers."

The industry for the recovery of the by-products from the coking processas a source for sulphate of ammonium —has also been highly developed, writes Doctor Schweitzer, because. German militarism needed some of the resulting coal-tar products for the manufacture of explosives. Benzol, toluol, carbolic acid, metacresol and diphenylamine are starting materials used in the manufacture of ammunition. Formerly most of these substances were imported from England, where they were produced from coal tar obtained in the manufacture of illuminating gas by the distillation of coal, while in most other countries-for example, in the United States -illuminating gas is made from water gas. By developing the coking industry, that is, by suitably and economically heating coal, Germany has made herself independent of England and now produces all the materials required for explosives and ammunition within her own borders.

Germany, moreover, is the only country which has made itself independent of England as concerns its consumption of carbolic acid, one of the most important coal-tar products. This substance, employed both for explosives and as a disinfectant, is a material of high value. It was not considered wise or profitable to remain dependent on foreign sources for such an indispensable article. Soon the ever watchful and resourceful chemist found artificial

methods for its manufacture, employing domestic raw materials. To-day several German factories have equipment to produce carbolic acid by the action of sulphuric acid on benzol and subsequent treatment with alkali.

Whenever the price of coal-tar carbolic acid rises beyond a point at which synthetic carbolic acid can be profitably manufactured, this equipment is put into operation. But even this instance of the development of synthetic chemistry through militarism in Germany is exceeded in wonder by the method of the steelmaker:

"Instead of carbon, which originally was added to iron to produce the ironnow use nickel, alloy called steel, we chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, manganese and silicon, which enable us to manufacture refined steel possessing varied properties. Most of these additions in order to give the desired results must be in the state of highest purity. These substances, which at first seemed of no use in any other industry, were produced primarily to fill the requirements of the manufacturers of cannon, projectiles and armor plate, and the largest maker of these elements in the

pure state is the firm of Th. Goldschmidt, located in Essen, where it is able to work in close union with the Krupp Works. "By these modern improvements wonderful materials were placed at the disposal of the industries.

The hardness

of steel has been so increased that for

safety vaults and safes an alloy is made which can neither be drilled nor exploded nor cut by the oxy-hydrogen flame. The chemical industries have been supplied with refined steel which is not attacked by acids, not even by boiling ‘aqua regia,'

while other modifications are not affected

by hot caustic soda. Some of them are

non-magnetic, others are unaffected by atmospheric influences, or exhibit great resistance to electricity, while some possess high tensile strength. They are thus of specific value in the manufacture of automobiles, of steam turbines, of electric appliances, of rails for electric tramways, of dynamos, motors and transformers.

"Vanadium steel furnishes our modern tools, which are distinguished by extreme hardness, and here a war on a small scale is going on between structural steel and steel for tools with which to work the

former. Every improvement in the hardness of structural steel must of necessity bring about the manufacture of a still harder steel for tools, exactly as in the case of armor plates and armor-piercing projectiles.”

German militarism has likewise effected great results in experiments with hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is used in immense quantities for all lighter-than-air flying machines - the filling of Zeppelins and the filling of captive balloons, the latter having an unexpected importance in war for purposes of observation. The cheap production of hydrogen is one of the prominent features in the manufacture of sulphate of ammonium according to the Haber process. The manufacture of oxygen likewise assumed gigantic proportions after it was found that armor plates could be cut almost like butter by the heat of the flame from a burner fed with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen or oxygen and acetylene gas:

"At present, not only the cutting but also the welding of iron and steel is accomplished by means of such a flame; every machine shop is provided with an

oxygen apparatus, and soon every garage will be similarly equipped, as it has been observed that the carbon collected in the

cylinders of gas engines for automobiles, etc., can be easily removed by burning it out with the oxygen-flame. "The oxygen problem also plays an important part in the running of submarine boats, where it is necessary to provide the crew with oxygen for breathing under particularly difficult circumstances. It is stated that nitrogentetroxide, a gas which can be easily compressed to a liquid and which, when appropriately heated, decomposes with the liberation of oxygen, has been employed for this purcessity of supplying oxygen to the subpose with great success. But for the nemarine boats, this substance-until now largely a chemical curiosity-would per

haps never have been thought of for any technical purpose."

Germany has played only a small part in the inception of scientific truths,' according to London Nature, altho by organization she has greatly extended their application. This impression is conveyed in various ways in the science press of England by men like Professor Karl Pearson, Professor Sayce and Sir E. Ray Lankester. Huxley, and Bywater held this, affirms the London organ of science already named, and it appears to be shared, as regards their respective fields, by geologists, physicists and chemists in England. "Ausarbeiten" is the goal of the Germans, notes Nature. The inventive faculty, it thinks, has not been their strong point. On the subject of Doctor Schweitzer's article Nature says:

"Naturally, his examples refer entirely to technical applications of science. And here, again, if they are analyzed, it can be shown that the development of which he boasts is due to concentrated and organized effort; of the starting-points of the manufactures which he cites, a few are of German origin. They have been appropriated and worked out, no doubt, in order to place the materials of war at the disposal of the German Army; but it is not proved that the necessities of peace are not more effective as a stimulus to progress than those of war. To take only one instance, it is probable that sooner or later all our railways will be electrified; but that would not suit military exigencies; each train must have an independent motive power; and so long as German militarism persists, we may reckon that German railways, at least, will not be run by the electric current. "The aims of science are the antitheses of those of war. It is the object of pure science to attempt to know and correlate natural phenomena, and its devotees are inspired by an insatiable curiosity; it is

the object of applied science to make use of that knowledge for the benefit of mankind. To degrade its applications to the destruction of life and property is the most unscientific act of which a people can be guilty."

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T

HE SPECTACULAR evangelistic campaign conducted in so large a city as Philadelphia by the Reverend William A. Sunday, the ex-baseball player familiarly known as "Billy" Sunday, has made news for many metropolitan newspapers even in war times and induced an immense amount of editorial comment. New York and Chicago editors appear to be particularly interested because of the possibility that he may come to those cities soon. Special articles covering his record in smaller places, and full-page character sketches of Sunday and his Philadelphia campaign have been featured. In this connection readers of CURRENT OPINION will recall the interpretation of the man and his methods in our issue last May. We find repeated in the secular dailies the usual criticism of his "extravagant statements," "billingsgate," "vaudeville stunts," and the like, but the disposition to take his work. seriously as a force for righteousness prevails.

In Philadelphia Mr. Sunday's sermons are reported in full in the daily papers. To a critic who protested against publishing his "vulgar, scurrilous language," the Philadelphia North American replied in part by quoting the biblical report of scorching denunciations by the Great Teacher, such as, "The publicans and harlots go into the kingdom of God before you. . . . Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?"

"If Mr. Sunday were to say, 'It would be a waste of good material to preach the gospel to a lot of hogs,' many of us would be shocked. But in the Sermon on

the Mount, the most beautiful passage in literature, we read, 'Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine'; and we consider the figure poetical.

"Billy Sunday reviles the faithless Christian as a 'four-flusher,' and we shrink from the 'vulgarity,' but the gentlest of Men blazed into wrath against those who He said had made His temple 'a den of thieves,' and He scourged them from it with whips.

"Frankly, our mind is open on the whole subject. If it appears finally that Mr. Sunday does bring religion into disrepute, if his remarkable actions and words have no other result than to draw throngs of curious seekers after amusement, then he

is assuredly a failure and a menace to Christianity.

"But we must admit that the evidence to date is the other way. It is not convincing to denounce as mere vulgarity and blatant sensationalism a message which changes the lives of men and women, which has rescued thousands from slavery to wickedness and has put a new spirit of brotherhood and right living into whole communities.

"Our view is sympathetic, but it is secular. For a church opinion we look elsewhere. And we find it significant that the

very utterances which so offended and hurt the reader whose letter we have quoted were listened to by a great company of clergymen, not one of whom failed to rejoice in the Sunday aggressive

ness.

"A Presbyterian minister, formerly pastor of Woodrow Wilson, declared the evangelist is 'a prophet of God.' Former Bishop Neely, of the Methodist Church, says 'his tendency is wholesome.' And Bishop Garland, of the Episcopal Church, heard 'nothing objectionable.'

"With such testimony before us, from men who we think would be alert to condemn scurrility or irreverence, we are content to await results."

The Chicago Tribune recently asked its correspondents in eight cities where Billy Sunday had conducted revivals to report on the results after as well as during the campaigns. In publishing the remarkable results recorded by these reports and supplementary statements from influential citizens, The Tribune

says:

"The sentiment in the main is strongly in favor of Billy Sunday. The makers of adverse statements declined to allow their

names to be used.

"The general impression from these eight towns and cities is that Billy Sunday's work not only had a lasting effect upon the converts made in the communities, but that the political and moral conditions there were permanently improved by his visit. Even among those who are enthusiastic about the work of Billy Sunday, there are some expressions of dis

taste for his fanfaronade and his use of

slang. But others declare that in these things lie the value of Sunday's revivals— that through his extraordinary methods he engages the attention of persons he could reach in no other way."

From the mass of the testimony we reproduce some representative paragraphs:

SOUTH BEND campaign, 1913, seven

weeks, 7,000 converts: "Whether indorsing Mr. Sunday's peculiar methods for effecting conversions or not, it would be silly to deny that his sojourn here had failed to influence deeply and to all appearances permanently religious feeling and morality in South Bend."-J. M. Studebaker, chairman Board of Studebaker Corporation.

"In November, 1913, following the May Billy Sunday revival of 1913, the city elected a complete citizens' ticket which disregarded politics and was based upon a campaign of law enforcement. The ticket was elected throughout, mayor, counsel, and all city offices. The tone of the city-i. e., the popular sentiment of the city-upholds the city administration in the fact that it is following out fully the policy under which it was elected."Marvin Campbell, president Campbell Paper Box Company.

FAIRFIELD, IOWA, 1907, 32 days, 1,118 converts: "The effect of this meeting is still seen in this city. It brought the churches and the people closer together and made them work in harmony with one another. It is estimated that 90 per cent. of the people that were converted are now working in the churches."-W. C. Merkens,

PITTSBURGH, PENN., 1913, eight weeks, 22,352 converts: "Most of the hostile criticism of Sunday in Pittsburgh comes from those who refused to go to his meetings and study the man at close range; often from those who chose to lead lives of indulgence in questionable pleasures and resent being disturbed. A very small amount comes from excellent

citizens, even earnest Christians, who regard the whole revival idea as wrong in principle.

"About 6,000 persons identified themselves with various churches as a direct result of the campaign.

"Of the 350 ministers in Allegheny county, thirty were questioned regarding the final results of the Sunday campaign. Practically all united in saying there had been a great religious awakening, less intemperance, increased interest in church

A

services, excellent attendance by Sunday converts, who gave freely of their means to support the work of the church. few said some of their Sunday converts had fallen back into former ways, but that for the most part these converts made splendid Christian workers.

"Sunday talked little about celestial crowns and halos. He talked a great deal about the immense importance of pure living and thinking. Right here may be found a reason for the quickened civic conscience observable in Pittsburgh. The red-light district is closed. Gamblers no longer dare to operate openly. Low

characters of all kinds are seeking other fields. This is because the bureau of public morals, formerly sneered at by the underworld and even associated in the public mind with bribery, has become a thing of force and life. Its superintendent is Arthur G. Burgoyne, a former newspaper man, who became converted while reporting the Sunday meetings.”T. F. Smiley, Tri-State News Bureau. BURLINGTON, Iowa, 1905, seven weeks, 2,500 converts: "Many who are gratified over the results were not pleased with the methods of the speaker. One man who was prominently identified with the movements to bring Mr. Sunday here said he would not favor bringing him here again." -Max E. Poppe.

"Upon the whole, Mr. Sunday's work in Burlington was beneficial to the community in both a moral and an economical sense."-J. L. Waite, editor and publisher The Hawkeye.

DIXON, ILL., 1905, four weeks: "A new Y. M. C. A. building, costing over $30,000, was largely due to the fund raised at the Sunday meetings. Sunday himself gave $50 to the fund. Sunday converts were from all classes, and every church in the city received a lasting and substantial boost in its membership. The improved home life of many families in Dixon can be placed to the credit of the work."-T. W. Fuller, Daily News.

PRINCETON, ILL., 1906, five and a half weeks, 2,225 converts: "The favorable effects of the work of the Rev. Mr. Sunday are felt in Princeton until this day. His lists of converts included bankers, business men, lawyers, and professional men. In the lists were large numbers of elderly men who had never been identified with a church and many who had not even been in a church in a score of years. The lists of converts included about as many men as women, his work seeming to appeal particularly to men. While there have been a good many backsliders and besides some others who are not as enthusiastic in the work now as they were at the time of the meetings, it can be said that considerably more than half have stood firm and of this number many are active in religious work.

"The meetings closed in Princeton early in March. At that time there were eight saloons in the city, paying a license fee of $1,000. The city election was held in the following month and the town went 'dry' by a majority of 450. This majority was so overwhelming that the saloon proposition has never been voted on here since."-H. U. Bailey.

WICHITA, KANSAS, 1912, six weeks, 5,245 converts: "Sunday's influence is still felt almost as strongly in Wichita as it was when he left here three years ago last Christmas day. He held one campaign here lasting six weeks. The writer reported nearly all the meetings and had an opportunity to watch the man and his work.

"Mr. Sunday is a vigorous campaigner and consistent throughout, tho some persons in the church and out criticize his methods. But he obtains results.

"Two years after Mr. Sunday left Wichita, St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal church held a 'Sunday reunion.' Of 213 persons who joined the church às a result of Sunday's work, 197 were present or

accounted for as still active Christians. A few were counted as 'backsliders,' and a small number had moved from town and it was not known what they were doing. "The force of Mr. Sunday's work is seen in the work of the men's gospel teams that were organized here shortly after his campaign closed. These teams of four to twenty men visited several hundred other towns in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. The result of their work has been the conversion of more persons than Billy Sunday converted in Wichita, to say nothing of the converts obtained by the teams organized by them in the towns visited.... At Emporia about six months ago a gospel team of which Henry J. Allen was a member counted nearly 100 converts as the result of one day's meetings. Among the number was William Allen White, well-known Kansas writer and newspaper editor.". Orman C. Emery.

STEUBENVILLE, O., 1913, six weeks, 7,887 converts: "Following the revival the Billy Sunday workers voted the saloons out of this city of 25,000 people. At the recent state election this county went dry by 3,000 majority, showing that the Billy Sunday influence lasts. Assessors who worked last spring state that the difference in the making out of personal returns was noticeable and the returns were more honest. Better clothes and better furnished homes have followed the revival."-Chalmers C. White.

"One thing is sure the men who believe in Billy Sunday are not confined to the ignorant. During the early part of 1914, for example, a wave of suicide swept across the student body at the University of Pennsylvania. What caused it to start is not known. But it grew by that mysterious power of suggestion, imitation, mob spirit, whatever one chooses to call it. Finally the provost, Edgar F. Smith, urged Billy Sunday to conduct a revival in the hope that it would tend to prevent further suicides by students. It should be borne in mind that on Provost Smith some of the most important institutions of learning in this country and Europe have bestowed degrees and that he is a member of a number of the leading scientific societies of the world. Well, Sunday responded to the call, and 'much fervor was shown at the meetings.' Also the suicide wave instantly subsided. Bible classes were organized among various groups of undergraduates, some being formed even in fraternities for carrying on study of the Holy Scriptures.

"How did Billy Sunday accomplish this? His friends say it was because he was imbued with the spirit of God. Others are inclined to think that with marvelous magnetism he works powerfully on the emotions of those who hear him; that audience after audience is carried away by the resistless sweep of his eloquence, crude and shocking tho it be to sensitive ears. . . . Embodied within the man seems to be something of that strange

force which set the Crusaders aflame with what they thought was religious zeal; and this force grips those to whom he speaks. "What is it? Nobody knows. But the invisible fire is there."

Another equally voluminous special writer for the New York Times lays. it down that "altogether there are four factors to which much of Mr. Sunday's amazing success is due: baseball, slang, calculated eccentricity of platform manner, organization." He asked Sunday point-blank, "What is the secret of your success?"

"The evangelist was in bed, resting after the afternoon meeting, while Mrs. Sunday-Ma' Sunday, she is generally known-was on watch nearby.

""There isn't any secret,' said the evangelist. 'A lot of people talk about mob. psychology and hypnotism and all that kind of rot to explain things about me, but they don't stop to think what a mighty power the friendship of the Lord is.'

"He's a splendid ally,' said 'Ma' Sun-day, who was sitting on the edge of a nearby bed.

"And then,' went on Mr. Sunday, 'I may do more with people than some oth-ers do because I talk to them in plain language-language they understand and that they're accustomed to hear. Long words they don't understand and never heard before are no good.""

Assuming to represent the attitude of New York City, The World's editorial, under the caption "If Billy Sunday Comes," remarks:

"To Billy Sunday New York is the bottomless pit. To New York the slangwhanging, boisterous revivalist who has been stirring up Philadelphia is an object of more or less mild curiosity. If he comes here to reclaim us from eternal perdition he should find plenty to do, and on the other hand, this city would have the opportunity to try a new form of entertainment. He is not conducting what is generally known as a refined meeting, but he has the reputation of drawing: packed houses wherever he goes. There are a good many people not fastidious even in matters of religion.

"This is a big town, and Billy Sunday would have to face the competition of noend of popular attractions. Dowie, whohad also been magnificently advertised, undertook to convert New York in a hurry, but the public soon had heard. enough of him. He fell flat. The exbaseball-player is a more sensational campaigner when he tries than the Zion City prophet was, and he is also a much shrewder and more engaging person. There is no denying that he has manifested extraordinary powers in swaying the emotions of large crowds. But the fickleness of New York is proverbial.

"A revival that will interest 5,000,000 people, or even a considerable proportion of them, is an ambitious scheme of salvation. Still, if the ministers who have indorsed the project feel the need of Billy Sunday's help, it may prove worth while. At any rate, nobody ever heard of one of Sunday's revivals doing any harm."

"In America the churches have shown quick and beautiful sympathy with the victims of war. If 'to visit the widows and fatherless in their afflictions' is, as St. James declares, 'pure religion and undefiled,' then America has been undergoing a great religious experience.

"Christians, as well as Jews, have been deeply stirred by the suffering of the inhabitants of the holy land, and especially the Zionists there. The prediction is being freely made that when this war ends Palestine will be open to the Jews to possess, in fulfilment of their ancient kingdom dream."

Appeals for renewed Christian consecration and zeal have been noticeable features of the religious denominational journals in the United States for some months. The opportunity for a spiritual harvest set forth by the London daily paper quoted earlier in this article is strikingly paralleled over here in "A Message to Methodists," pre

pared by a metropolitan federation committee and editorially displayed in large type in the New York Christian Advocate as follows:

"God's movements are marvelous. He seizes an opportunity which men would not discern, and uses it for spiritual strategy.

"The world is rent by profound grief over a war which is marked by unparalleled devastation. Men speak dismally of the collapse of civilization. Divine Providence finds in the abyss unwonted hope of religion.

"Driven to their knees by the very hopelessness of their estate, millions of Europeans who had almost forgotten how to pray are now supplicating the throne of Grace. Chapels, churches, and cathedrals are thronged with petitioners. Religion is

experiencing a unique and unforeseen re

vival.

"A kindred movement shows itself on this side the globe. An unusual seriousness has seized America. The people of

our land are deeply thoughtful. Their hearts have been opened by pity and compassion for the suffering. They stand in

a solemn hush before the Lord of all the earth. They are ready for the truth with a readiness seldom felt before.

"Over various sections of our domain evangelistic tides are sweeping with amazing power. Thousands of souls are turning to God. They represent all classes of society. Religion is having such a hearing as has not been given to it in many years.

"We must not let the critical hour pass without employing it faithfully for God and humanity. We must preach the Word, continue instant in prayer, obey the monitions of the Holy Spirit, draw near to troubled hearts, woo and win relenting souls to penitence, and confirm them in their purpose to serve God.

"Not a moment can safely be lost. God has lifted a curtain to show us our way. 'The harvest truly is plenteous, but the laborers are few. Pray ye, therefore, the Lord of the harvest, that he will send forth laborers into his harvest!'

T

HE CATHEDRAL at Rheims is bombarded. Horror and indignation are world-wide because, forsooth, a world's art treasure has been damaged, while "even the clergy seem to have forgotten that it is a house of God that has suffered disaster." Can we realize that here is the most complete indictment ever made of the Church and plain proof that it has collapsed? Such are the premises and the argument offered by Edwin Davies Schoonmaker in The Century, who says: "It has ceased even to be incongruous one day to pray to Jehovah for success for the German guns and the next day to turn those guns upon a cathedral. Something has severed the connection between this building and the high heavens, for the sigh of the world is only that a work of art has been damaged. The beauty of the nave has outlasted the religion of the altar. Apollo has triumphed over the Christ."

merely the beautiful stones of an old Christian temple that, tho we were only half aware of it, had long ago taken its place with Karnak and the Parthenon. It is this splendid isolation, this slow conversion of a sectarian house of worship into a monument of art, that has made possible the world-wide regret that

even war should violate this treasure of humanity. At last, after centuries as a shrine of a narrow doctrine, the old building has become a thing of wide huShintoist and Hindu, Mohammedan and Christian, all these may now in unison cry out as from a personal wound."

man concern.

Mr. Schoonmaker would have us understand that it is no more discreditable for an institution to die than it is for a man to die. But when death has been hastened by a violation of the higher law, the event is a proper subject for moralists and there is a lesson to be learned. The sum of this writer's indictment is that direction of the moral forces of the world having been left to the Church through the centuries, we find ourselves falling into the same moral vacuum into which the Roman Empire fell Why? Because the pre

declared, 'Render therefore unto Cæsar the things which are Cæsar's; and unto God the things that are God's.' If this means anything, it means that the possession of those things which by nature belong to Cæsar presupposes a loss of those things which by nature belong to God; in other words, that Cæsar is on one side and that God is on the opposite side. If the church has fallen upon evil days, the reason is not difficult to find. Throughout the ages churchmen have tried to reconcile in theory and in practice these irreconcilables, to bridge a chasm that in its very nature is unbridgable and eternal. From the very beginning the church has found herself in the dilemma, Cæsar or God, and she has held firmly to both horns. And holding thus fast to a contradiction, she has died."

The Roman Empire was everywhere and always, according to Mr. Schoonmaker, a material kingdom, a denial of the spiritual world. In essence Christianity and Romanism are opposites. But the Church, seeking empire, denied the humanity of Jesus and invented a claim of divinity for Him similar to the claim made for the Caesars as a foundation for outer authority. Through

Mr. Schoonmaker exclaims: "Only this morning, it seems, the sighing of Swinburne's 'Last Oracle' was in our ears: 'Thou has conquered, Galilean.' And here almost in one lightning flash the pagan world is restored!"

"That which we have witnessed is simply a unique registering of an ancient fact. For, as we all know, it was during years of peace that the spirit of the church was bombarded. That which fell yesterday upon the heart of the world was

spiritual kingdom is not wholly spiritual, that inner perception must somehow be squared with outward authority. In other words, the Church has lost its soul through lust of empire:

"The carpenter of Nazareth was in

every respect a complete antithesis of the Cæsars, and that which He gave to the world is inherently as opposed to that which Rome gave to the world as one thing can be opposed to another. And Jesus Himself recognized this when He

came material pageantry of the Eternal City rather than a spiritual kingdom. Paul's philosophy turned a religion to be lived into a creed to be believed. Then the Church, with the Roman state model of organization and a creed to serve the purposes of Roman law, had only to put on empire robes of mag

nificence. Here is where Cathedral art appears to come into Mr. Schoonmaker's analysis.

The Renaissance was a classical revival; art served the dignitaries of the Church, but thereby