Fuel: To which is Appended the Value of Artificial Fuels as Compared with CoalD. Van Nostrand, 1874 - 81 páginas |
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accumulation acres amount of heat annual artificial fuels atmos bituminous coal Captain Galton's carbonaceous carbonic acid cent chalk checkerwork chimney clay coal dust coal tar coke combination COMPARED WITH COAL compound compression consumed consumption cost cylinder deposits domestic dried by artificial earth engine extent Fahrenheit fireplace five patents flues formed into bricks fuel question gaseous give heat-producing ignition increase indicated horse power ingredients iron Joule lately lime magnesium mastication matter melting mention metal mineral fuel mixed mixture moisture naphtha one-fourth ordinary oxide oxygen patent fuels patent records phere pitch portions potential energy power per hour present price of coal products of combustion proportion purpose quantity resin sand sawdust silica small coal smelting solar energy specification steam steel substance supply surface tanner's bark tion tons triturated ture unit of heat utilized verting peat waste
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Página 7 - ... dispersion, and heat, therefore, accumulates to the extent of raising the mass to redness. It is evident from these experiments that we have to widen our conception, and call fuel " any substance which is capable of entering into combination with another substance, and in so doing gives rise to the phenomenon of heat." In thus defining fuel, it might appear at first sight that we should find upon our earth a great variety, and an inexhaustible supply of substances that might be ranged under this...
Página 6 - ... is not a gas but a solid, viz., oxide of magnesium. Again, metallic iron, if in a finely divided state, ignites when exposed to the atmosphere, giving rise to the phenomena of heat and light without flame, because the result of combustion is iron oxide or rust ; but the same iron, if presented to the atmosphere...
Página 12 - ... or force in a dormant condition. In illustration of these two forms of energy take the case of lifting a weight, say 1 Ib.
Página 41 - Now, considering the enormous margin for improvement before us, I contend that we should not be satisfied with this rate of intellectual progress, involving, as it does, an annual deficit of 4,000,000 tons to be met by increased coal...
Página 25 - Liverpool in 1863, they instituted a careful inquiry into the consumption of coal by the best engines in the Atlantic Steam Service, and the result showed that it fell in no case below 4| Ibs. per indicated horsepower per hour. Last year they again assembled with the same, object in view in Liverpool, and Mr. Bramwell produced a table showing that the average consumption by 17 good examples of compound expansive engines did not exceed 2j Ibs.
Página 24 - ... their proper working condition. A striking illustration of what can be accomplished in a short space of time was brought to light by the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, over which I have at present the honour to preside. In holding their annual general meeting in Liverpool in 1863, they instituted a careful inquiry into the consumption of coal by the best engines in the Atlantic Steam Service, and the result showed that it fell in no case below 4| Ibs. per indicated horsepower per hour.
Página 32 - Fahrenheit, the specific he:it at .119, it takes .119X^,600= 428 heat units to melt a pound of steel, and taking the heat-producing power of common coke also at 12,000 units, one ton of coke ought to be able to melt 28 tons of steel.
Página 25 - Ibs. per indicated horse-power per hour in a compound marine engine, constructed by him with an intermediate superheating vessel. Nor are we likely to stop long at this point of comparative perfection, for in the early portion of my address I have endeavoured to prove that theoretical perfection would only be attained if an indicated horse-power were produced with ~ Ib. of pure carbon, or say \ Ib. of ordinary steam coal per hour.
Página 11 - By intensifying this motion among the particles, it is made evident to our visual organ by the emanation of light, which again is neither more nor less than vibratory motion imparted by the ignited substance to the medium separating us from the same. According to this theory, which constitutes one of the most important advances in science of the present century, heat, light, electricity and chemical action are only different manifestations of " energy of matter," mutually convertible, but as indestructible...
Página 35 - Fahr., and which has been called by him the point of dissociation. At this point, hydrogen might be mixed with oxygen, and yet the two would not combine, showing that combustion really only takes place between the limits of temperature of about 600° and 4500 Fahr.