The I in another; Anson and Gordon on the box; one groom, no more. gathering was at the old castle at Braemar, and a pretty sight enough. We returned as we came, and then everybody strolled about till dinner. We were only nine people, and it was all very easy and really agreeablethe Queen in very good humour, and talkative; the Prince still more so, and talking very well; no form, and everybody seemed at their ease. In the evening we withdrew to the only room there is besides the dining-room, which serves for billiards, library (hardly any books in it), and drawing-room. The Queen and Prince and her ladies, and Gordon, soon went back to the dining-room, where they had a Highland dancing-master, who gave them lessons in reels. We (John Russell and I) were not admitted to this exercise, so we played at billiards. In process of time they came back, when there was a little talk, and soon after they went to bed."* * Greville's Journal of the Reign of Queen Victoria, Vol. III., pp. 296, 297. 1849.] FIRST PLANS FOR THE GREAT EXHIBITION. 417 Shortly before the holiday at Balmoral ended, the Queen and Prince Albert were a little mortified to find that one of their projects, or rather one of the Prince's projects, was going awry. This was the preliminary movement which was intended to lead up to the organisation of a great International Industrial Exhibition. The idea of holding such an exhibition had occurred to the Prince in July, 1849. It seems to have been suggested to him by the great Frankfort Fairs of the sixteenth century. His OPENING OF THE LONDON COAL EXCHANGE-ARRIVAL OF THE ROYAL PROCESSION AT Royal Highness had also noticed that one or two small pioneer exhibitions held by the Society of Arts, had produced good effects in improving the quality of English products. He argued that an exhibition on an international scale would produce still greater effects, not only on our manufactures, but on those of the world. It would be a tournament of Peace, in which the Captains of Industry would be the competitors in the lists. On the 30th of July, 1849, the Prince held a conference at Buckingham Palace with four confidential persons-Mr. Henry Cole, Mr. Francis Fuller, Mr. Scott Russell, and Mr. Thomas Cubitt, and they resolved to hold the exhibition if possible, not in the quadrangle of Somerset House, as the Government had suggested, but in Hyde Park itself. They also arranged to take steps to test the feeling of the industrial districts on the subject before going further. But in all this preliminary work of "sounding" influential persons, the Prince had given peremptory orders that his name should not be publicly mentioned. Unfortunately, Mr. Cole, with Hibernian effusiveness, had been tempted to disobey these orders at a meeting in Dublin, much to the annoyance of the Queen and her husband. "Praising me at meetings," wrote his Royal Highness to Colonel Phipps, "looks as if I were to be advertised and used as a means of drawing a full house, &c."-and if there was anything which was unspeakably offensive to the Queen, it was the use of her or her husband's name for purposes of puffery. A few days after this disagreeable little episode (27th September) the Queen and her family left Balmoral for Osborne. They broke their journey at Howick, where they spent a night with Lord Grey, and in a few days after that they received tidings which filled their hearts with the deepest sorrow. The ever-faithful Anson, the Prince's first Secretary, died, and the Queen's household was filled with the deepest regret. The Queen herself wrote a touching letter to King Leopold, which shows how her heart bled for the widow of her most zealous servant; and Lady Lyttelton, writing on the 9th of November, says: "Every face shows how much has been felt; the Prince and Queen in floods of tears, and quite shut up." All through the record of the Queen's life, indeed, we find evidence of the cordial relations which bound her to those who served her. Their zeal indeed has been great, but it has been more than equalled by her sympathetic appreciation of it. Colonel Phipps succeeded Mr. Anson as Privy Purse, and Colonel (afterwards General) Grey as the Prince's Secretary. When the gloom of winter began to spread over London, the loyal citizens were sadly distressed to learn that a projected Royal visit to the city would be robbed of more than half its éclat. The Queen had promised to come and open the New Coal Exchange on the 30th of October. But alas, her Majesty had sickened with the chicken-pox, and the ceremony was performed by Prince Albert alone. Yet the Londoners were not without compensation. This visit to the City was memorable because of the first public appearance in a pageant of State, of the Prince of Wales, and the Princess Royal. The spectacle revived picturesque memories of "the spacious times of Great Elizabeth," for the Royal party proceeded to London by the silent highway of the river. Twenty-seven brawny watermen rowed the Queen's Barge from Westminster Stairs to the City, and, strange to say, for once the fog and murky atmosphere of London in early winter cleared away, and the ceremony took place in the sunshine, under a sky of Italian brilliancy. The crowds covered every possible corner where human beings could cluster. The long lines of shipping on either bank of the Pool were bright with bunting, and black with swarming sightseers. The cheering was overpowering when the fair-haired young Prince was seen in the barge, and both the 1849.] DEATH OF QUEEN ADELAIDE. 419 Royal children, though they went through the ordeal quietly and prettily, were obviously a little frightened and nervous. "The Prince," wrote Lady Lyttelton to Mrs. Gladstone, "was perfect in taste and manner, putting the Prince of Wales forward without affectation, and very dignified and kind himself." The procession on the water was gorgeous in the extreme. State liveries were blazing everywhere. Civic costumes of feudal times kindled many ancient memories; and the Lord Mayor's barge, which led the way, was a miracle of garish splendour. Lady Lyttelton says that what struck her most was not only the cheering, but the affectionate expression on the faces of the people when they craned forward to get a glimpse of the little Prince and Princess. But of one civic speaker and his speech in the Rotunda her ladyship says it "was most pompous; and he is ridiculous in voice and manner. And his immense size, and cloak, and wig, and great voice addressing the Prince of Wales about his being the pledge and promise of a long race of kings,' looked quite absurd. Poor Princey did not seem at all to guess what he meant." The Queen was rather sad-hearted at missing this first public reception of her children, which was the occasion of such an outburst of popular enthusiasm, loyal huzzas, and joy-bells ringing all over London town, not to mention thunderous salutations from the Tower guns-"enough, says Lady Lyttelton, "to drive one mad." On the 2nd of December the Royal home was turned into a house of mourning. On that day the good Queen-Dowager Adelaide passed away from among the small but appreciative circle of friends and relatives who admired. and loved her. The Queen's grief was deep and sincere. "Though we daily expected this sad event," writes her Majesty to King Leopold, "yet it came so suddenly when it did come, as if she had never been ill, and I can hardly realise the truth now. She was truly motherly in her kindness to us and our children, and it always made her happy to be with us and to see us!" * Queen Adelaide, it may be here noted, was one of the earliest of funeral reformers. Struck by the wastefulness and the bad taste of funereal pageants, she left what the Queen calls "the most affecting directions" for her burial, ordering that it should be conducted with the utmost simplicity and privacy-. the only exceptional arrangement being that she desired her coffin to be borne by seamen, in homage to the memory of her husband, William IV., the SailorKing. A simple-hearted, kindly, Christian lady, whose hands were ever swift in doing good-such is a brief abstract of the life and character of the Dowager-Queen Adelaide. * Martin's Life of the Prince Consort. Political Wreckage-Force triumphs over Opinion-The State of France Election of Prince Charles Louis Bonaparte as Prince-President-The Sad Plight of Italy-Palmerston's Anti-Austrian Policy-Defeat of PiedmontThe Fall of Venice-Fall of the Roman Republic-A Cromwellian Struggle in Prussia-The Queen's Partisanship-Her Prussian Sympathies-The Hungarian Refugees in Turkey-A Diplomatic Conflict with Russia Opening of Parliament-Mr. Disraeli and Local Taxation-Parliamentary Reform-The Jonahs of the Cabinet The Dispute with Greece-Don Pacifico's case-Coercion of Greece-Lord Palmerston meekly accepts an Insult from Russia-French Intervention-A Diplomatic Conflict in France-Recall of the French Ambassador-False Statements in Parliament-The Queen's Indignation-The Don Pacifico Debate-The Civis Romanus sum Doctrine-Palmerston's Victory-The West African Slave Trade. WHEN the year 1850 opened the counter-revolution had been accomplished. Much political and social wreckage disfigured the Continent, but the tempest which had produced it was over. What remained was an uneasy afterswell agitating the restless ocean of discontent. Force had, in fact, triumphed over opinion, and Europe was at last tranquil. In France, after Louis Philippe fell, the country was left a prey to four factions or parties. One demanded an absolute monarchy; another demanded a parliamentary monarchy; a third demanded a military empire, based on universal suffrage; a fourth demanded a republic. The partisans of the republic triumphed in the first instance. But it fell, a victim to the voracity of its own children. The Government of Lamartine was poetic and Utopian, |