Animal Locomotion: Or, Walking, Swimming, and Flying, with a Dissertation on Aëronautics

action aërial albatross angle animals arms and legs arrangement artificial wave artificial wing ascends backwards bat and bird biped blades body bones Borelli Compare with fig concave convex depressed described downward dugong effective stroke elastic ligaments elbow-joint elevating and propelling ellipse elytra extended feet fins fish flexed flexible flexion flight flying foot force gannet glide horizontal direction humerus inclined planes increased insect insect wing joint kite less levers limbs locomotion long axis manner Marey motion move movements muscles muscular muscular system natural wing nervures oblique oscillate pectoral pectoral fins pinion porpoise portion position posterior margin posterior or thin produced quadruped rapidity remarkable resistance reverse root rotation sail screw sea-bear shoulder-joint side speed spiral swimming tail thick margin tion travelling surfaces trunk twisting universal joint upward direction upwards and forwards velocity vertical vertical direction vibrate walking waved track weight wing descends