"The dinner, which consisted entirely of fish and "About ten o'clock in the morning, at the concluvegetables under various forms, was most recherche, sion of mass in the church, the priest, followed by and served in excellent style; but the number of the congregation, came down to the piece of water dishes, between the sterlet soup which began the re- below the garden. He himself bore the cross, and past, and the ice which ushered in the desert, was two banners belonging to the church, with sacred so great, that although each was handed round in devices, were also carried at the head of the procesduplicate, we were nearly three hours at table, and sion. A service was then performed: that part of I could not help asking my next neighbour, as the the fifth chapter of St. John which relates to the pool variety of good things appeared interminable-how of Bethseda was read as a lesson; and the priest, many were necessary in Russia to constitute a fast standing upon a small platform, reverentially dipped dinner? he replied as many as possible. Wine of the cross three times in the lake, after which he every kind appeared in turn, and in short the object sprinkled the people around with the water thus seemed to be that of showing how luxuriously people consecrated, and the procession then returned to the might fare without the use of meat, and the whole church. The greater part of the people, however, thing amounted to a practical satire on the Russian remained at the edge of the water, which from their system of fasting. proceedings, it might have been supposed was now "Towards the conclusion of dinner, while the ser-endowed with the miraculous virtues of the pool of vants were handing round champagne, a burly dea- Bethseda. Horses were brought down from every con, who was seated near the bottom of the table, side, and compelled to swim in the lake; women rose from his seat and placed himself before the im-dipped their babies in the water; young men, girls, age in the corner of the room. I could not at all un- and boys dashed in and swam about in every direc derstand what he was about, but I thought he was tion, all, except a few little children, retaining their appointed to say grace after dinner, and that he had clothes. The girls appeared to swim quite as well rather mistaken his time. However, he kept look as the boys. The day was, luckily, bright and fine ing over his shoulder, his back being turned to the for the exhibition of this singular scene.”—pp. table, and was evidently waiting for a signal, which 52, 53. at last he apparently received; for all of a sudden he opened his mouth, and thundered forth a chant, while in an instant the whole party, excepting the arch-blessing. bishop, rose to their feet, and I was utterly at a loss to comprehend the scene.

Nor does the sower go out to sow without a

66

They always here begin sowing rye on the 18th of August, as it is the anniversary of the consecra "On the one side I saw the deacon singing with tion of the church. They have a mass; after which the voice of a Stentor, and bowing and crossing him- they proceed to a field near at hand, when the priest self before the image, and I might have supposed pronounces a blessing, and offers a public prayer myself in a church. If I looked the other way, there for the success of their labours. Though the sow were the guests standing up on both sides of the ta-ing on this day is a mere form, the seed-time com ble, each with a bumper of champagne in his right mences immediately afterwards in good earnest; and hand. It appeared a convivial party, when a popu- the young corn is already in some places beginning lar toast was to be welcomed with three times three. to make its appearance."-p. 66. This incongruous spectacle lasted for two or three minutes, when the chant ceased and we all resumed our seats. I then asked my neighbour, who was somewhat amazed at my surprise, what all this meant; and he told me we had only been drinking with the usual forms the health of the prelate at the top of the table."-pp. 211-214.

Their military oath, or sacramentum, appears to be rather a more solemn affair than with us.

"At the conclusion of each day's sitting, the recruits who have been enlisted are marched in a body to a church, where they take the oaths of allegiance and fidelity before a priest."-pp. 189, 190. The following are examples of the presence of "Colonel Goulaivitch invited us the other day to his religion in the affairs of the world, which will be house, to witness the taking the oaths of allegiance read with less unmixed admiration. All the waters and fidelity to the emperor by a young officer on enthroughout Russia are blessed on the 13th, or, ac-tering the service. The colours of the regiment cording to their style, the 1st of August, and the 18th, were displayed in the dining-room, and under them or, as they consider it, the 6th of January. The were placed on a table a large bible and a cross. A ceremony on the 1st of August is in commemoration priest was in attendance in his robes, and there were of the death of the Virgin Mary, and a fast of four- also about a dozen cantonists, as the young soldiers teen days commences with the month. Our readers are called, who were to officiate as choristers upon are probably familiar with the splendid ceremonial this occasion. The officer repeated after the priest of blessing the Neva, when the emperor and all his a long oath, holding in his right hand a corner of court go bareheaded to a chapel of ice in the middle the colours; he then knelt down and kissed the biof the river, and drink of the new blessed water. ble and the cross, and the ceremony was concluded Mr. Raikes, by the by, has the bad taste and absurd-by a hymn sung by the cantonists."-pp. 82. 83. ity to laugh at this very pious and reasonable usage, The religious observances at all the public insti on the singular ground that the water of the Neva is tutions are, to say the least, made as much a point the most unwholesome water in Europe. All Ori-of, as regular, and interesting, as with us. Each ental nations ascribe a sanctity to rivers, and Russia school or hospital has its priest and house of God. gives that sanctity a Christian foundation. The fol- The children ask a blessing on their simple fare lowing scene, which Mr. Venables witnessed, at with hymns, which are the Russian chief manner of Krasnoe, a village in the Province of Iver, is a pleas-prayer and praise. Those, who are acquainted with ing parallel to the more gorgeous ceremony at St. Clark's account of the pompous funeral of Prince Petersburg:

Galitzin at Moscow, will find a simple parallel of times and seasons; and custom requires that at Easter, as well as at Christmas, all persons should "In each hospital there is a church for the in-visit their acquaintances to congratulate them on the mates, I passed through that at the Galitzin, while occasion of the festival."-pp. 281, 282.

here:

a funeral service was going on; the coffin was The Russian is a good-humoured animal; he is placed on a bier in the centre of the church, the lid meekness almost to excess; he absolutely wants being off, so that the face of the dead body was ex- the instinct of revenge; and is altogether below the posed; and around the head were placed three light-notice of those who think a consciousness of personal ed candles."-pp. 270, 271. dignity a strong sense of one's rights, and a quick We will conclude our copious quotations from resentment of injuries are necessary ingredients of Mr. Venables' really interesting work with his ac- Christian excellence. For our parts, we think there count of some of the ceremonies of Passion-week and may be other exhibitions of the Christian temper Easter. besides the torch, the dirk, the rifle, and the clay"On the day before Good Friday we went to the more, besides an ardent love of liberty, and determi Kazan Church, to see the ceremony of the metropol-nation to assert one's civil and religious privileges. itan washing the feet of twelve priests. In the cen- Let the Alpine valley continue to bear its peculiar tre of the church which was much crowded, a plat-fruit of holiness, and let it have due honour,-why, form was raised about five feet from the ground, and however, should it preclude other forms of virtue? on this were placed thirteen chairs, six on each side Why are meekness, patience, preference of servitude, for the priests, and one at the top for the metropoli- self-humbling, and submission to authority, to be tan. Mass was first celebrated at the grand altar, utterly discarded, because the Swiss mountaineer, and at the conclusion the metropolitan ascended or the plaided covenanter looks prettier in a lady's the platform, and took his seat facing the altar, album? True-the Russian is a slave, and hugs while six or seven deacons placed themselves be his chains: he is sometimes oppressed and insulted, hind his chair. A service was now chanted, and and scarcely feels a passing cloud on his temper. soon after it had begun two bishops made their ap- What more base, and what more unworthy the name pearance on the platform, and after turning round and of Christian, if we are to measure all the world by bowing to the altar, and then saluting in like man- certain English schools of Christian ethics? A ner the metropolitan, they seated themselves on hundred fashionable writers on the duties of men, either side of him; two priests followed, and women, children, superiors, inferiors, &c., &c., will took their places in the two next chairs in like no more admit the servile wretch into the list of momanner: others succeeded them, and at last the ral or rational agents than they will a dog or an aptwelve chairs were filled. The metropolitan then ple-tree. Yet, granting that we are justified in the rose up, laid aside his ribbons and other decorations, particular model of Christian heroism we have set took off several robes one after another, and girded up in our country and language, is it not possible himself with a long towel, the chanted service still that other models, not quite the same, may be equalcontinuing. He then proceeded round to each of ly justifiable? And if there are dangers on both the twelve priests, with a large silver basin, and sides, viz., in too much independence as well as in went through the form of washing their feet, a dea- too much submission, in too much mastery as well con accompanying and assisting him."-pp. 278, as in too much service, is it not just possible that to 279. be "as one that serveth" is the safer alternative ? "I should have told you that on Good Friday all But if it be said the patience of the Russian is the court go (the gentlemen, as usual, in uniform, only a brute fear of the rod, it is, we reply, far too but the ladies in deep mourning) to kiss the repre- much in keeping with the rest of his character to be sentation of our Saviour's tomb in the palace chapel. so easily disposed of.-Whence his good nature On Easter Sunday nothing goes on but felicitations, where there is no fear? Whence his child-like simpresenting of eggs (the emblem of the resurrection,) plicity and playfulness so grotesque in our "civiland kissing. Servants may kiss their masters or ized eyes? These things, though they be not mistresses, and a peasant may kiss the emperor; proofs of a very dignified sort of humility, yet show though I should doubt whether in the latter case, the the Russian peasant's to be no constrained and exprivilege is often exercised. Christos voscress acted quality. (Christ is risen') is the universal salutation; and "But in the midst of all these excesses," says it is a curious thing to see two peasants or trades-Clarke, describing the outrageous rejoicings at men meet in the street:-"Christos voscress,' they Easter, "quarrels hardly ever took place. The cry out; then off go their hats and caps; and then wild rude riot of a Russian populace is full of huwith one accord they rush together, and inflict on manity. Few disputes are heard; no blows are each other three kisses on the cheek-right, left, given; no lives endangered but by drinking." right; after this each replaces his hat, first making Jokes, rudenesses, and violences, both from equals a most profound bow to the other, and they separate. and superiors, are bandied about, which in England "There is a story told of the present emperor, would be immediately followed with fists, in Italy who, it is said, on Easter-day, passing a sentry, sa-with the knife, but in Russia provoke only silent reluted him as usual with the words Christ is risen,' signation, or a smile. The stranger sees bearded "No he's not your majesty,' said the soldier, pre-sages, and is surprised to find them children-"nosenting arms. He's not!" said the emperor, what thing intelligent or picturesque in their appearance," do you mean? this is Easter Sunday.' I know says Mr. Raikes, "unconth in their manners and that please your majesty,' replied the man; but I clumsily shaped,"-"simple and inoffensive, but am a Mahometan.' barbarous and ignorant." The Russian labourer at "The Russians, high and low, are great observers the sea-ports passing near our vessels voluntarily

provokes the merriment of the crew by mimicking of impassable grades and rigorous demarcations, the helpless bleating of the goat whose beard he imi- must needs stifle some noble instincts and fetter many tates, or the sheep whose skin he wears. There is useful energies; still we find that in such conditions of course nothing heroic in all this, but we confess to of existence the most necessary and universal knowing not a few forms of character, high both in sympathies are often the most developed. A greater their own and in public estimation, in which we degree of liberty furnishes more outlets for impashould hail such disregard of self as at least an ap- tience, more temptations to undisciplined desires, proach to humanity. But the volumes before us more ways of running away from ourselves and from abound in graver, and perhaps to some people more Providence, more means of gratifying present selfishintelligible, exhibitions of the quality we are dis-ness and incurring future disappointment. In procussing.

portion to the facility with which men can change One frosty night, about two o'clock, as Mr. Vena- their place and sphere, or shift for themselves and bles was about to cross a river, in consequence of rise in the world, the social affections are found to there not being a proper gangway from the water's lose their hold and their peculiar power of consolaedge to the floating bridge, his horses refused to draw tion. Hence the dreadful want of natural affection his carriage over the step made by the bridge, and engendered in the midst of our boasted improvement. there the carriage stood in the water. To some indeed it may appear no very great evil

"We therefore remained stationary for about half that where Providence has set us, the notion of a an hour, when the ferryman, who had gone for assist- paternal government, of a sacred sovereign and a ance to a village close by, returned, bringing with domestic rule, has not only ceased to be aimed at by him about twenty peasants, who took off the horses, statesmen, but has well nigh passed from the memoand with the aid of levers soon placed us on the ries of men, or is only remembered in the language floating bridge. of scorn. But if it shall appear that the cold and "Nothing can exceed the ready good will with selfish maxims and manners of our own age are which a Russian peasant gives his assistance in case owing to a blight in the social affections in their very of need, especially where, as in this case, he is re- bud-that families are estranged before states are torn mote from great towns and great roads. These peo- asunder-brothers hated before factions are organizple were called up in the middle of the night, and ed-and parents dishonoured before thrones are they were employed up to their knees in water for despised, then all men must agree in deploring the some time in raising the wheels over the obstacle; moral cause, however favourably some may regard but they continued the whole time in the most perfect the political result. good humour, and there was none of the swearing Mr. Venables gives a very pleasing picture of the and abuse of one another which would in many strength of domestic affections in Russia, in a graphic countries have been heard on a similar occasion. account of a sitting of the board of enlistment which They apparently considered that they were rendering he attended, his brother-in-law, as Marshal of the an ordinary service to their neighbour, the ferryman; nobility, being president. We wish we had space and after we had crossed the river, they merely for the whole, but must content ourselves with the demanded through him a trifle, in addition to his following extract, which is all our present occasion ordinary charge, for their assistance. They common- requires.

ly address each other as brat, or brother, and their "A scene now ensues which is at the same time superiors use the same term in speaking to them; both pathetic and ludicrous. The elder brother and indeed, a master, in giving an order to his servant, his wife, the father and mother, and the little chiloften calls him brother."-p. 73. dren, all throw themselves on the ground and pros

On this last remark we will observe by the way, trate themselves repeatedly at the feet of the young that nothing can be more patriarchal than the Russian man, beseeching him to have pity on the family of modes of address, which prove that the theory, and his elder brother, and to consent to be enlisted in his probably the moral character, of the Russian social place. The poor lad looks with a bewildered air system, is something very different from those from one to another, not exactly knowing what to do, grosser forms of slavery with which the western having no fancy to be a soldier, and unable to make nations of Europe are unhappily more acquainted, up his mind to refuse. However he is urged on The common address to superiors, whether of their every side, for the members of the board add their own nation or foreigners, is batushka-a term of exhortations to the entreaties of his family, some bidendearment and at the same time of respect, signify-ding him to be a good Christian and to sacrifice ing literally little father. What we call surnames himself for his relations, and others encouraging him are never used in conversation. All, from the with the promise of good treatment in the army. At emperor to the serf, are designated by their Christian last, completely overpowered, he musters up courage, names and a patronymic derived from the Christian crosses himself, and consents to be a soldier. name of the father. Mr. Venables' companion was "The conscription frequently gives rise to most styled Marie Alexandrovna, as well by the coachman pitiable scenes, where married men, or sons of widows on the road as by her own relations. The child is or aged parents are torn away from their families, of taught, as one of the first elements of religion, to call which they were the chief prop or stay. The rethe emperor father; and in that most unique code of cruits often cry and lament bitterly their hard lot military instructions, or "Discourse under the when they come before the board to be examined; Trigger," called Suvorof's Catechism, the soldier but the moment they are enlisted, and their fate deis exhorted to die for his mother, i. e. the Empress cided, they generally cheer up and recover their spiCatherine. rits, as if they thought it useless to grieve over what It is not to be denied that a system of absolutism, could no longer be remedied or avoided.

"The Russian peasants are extremely attached to men are too well aware of the value of that part of one another in their families, and it rarely happens our boasted national resources, to think the money that there is any difficulty in persuading a young inan smells a bit the worse for it. Brandy is the chief to devote himself for a relation; on the contrary, they spirit used in Russia, or rather the only one of which often persist in doing so, to save an elder brother, or travellers make mention; and Mr. Pinkerton calcu an uncle, against the advice of all around them. The lates that "the enormous quantity of eighty-two milother day a lad under twenty, whose married brother lions of gallons of brandy alone are drank every year was nominated as a conscript, insisted upon coming by the peasantry of this empire!" This is very here with him, in order, as he said, to see his fate. dreadful, as, the population being a little over sixty The man was accepted as a recruit, and the father millions, it amounts to one gallon and a third for coming out, said to his younger son, who was wait- each person. In Scotland, however, it must be reing in the street, They have taken your brother, membered, that Parliamentary returns give three galGabriel.' Gabriel, without answering, rushed into lons of spirits as the average quota of every man, the house, pressed through the crowd in attendance, woman and child throughout that part of the realm. and hurried, breathless, into the board-room, fearful M. de Sabouroff, a Russian country gentleman of of being too late to offer himself as a substitute for Tamboff, in a letter to Mr. Venables on various tohis married brother; he was, however, in good time, pics of rural economy, says, In fact, though drunkand being a fine young man, was of course readily ards are to be met with, this is by no means the gereceived in the place of the other."—pp. 192-194. neral character of the people, a fact which I can prove Drunkenness is a besetting sin of most northern statistically." This the writer proceeds to do, with nations; and it will not surprise those who have in- what accuracy we cannot pretend to say, by comquired into the usual success of human institutions, paring the consumption of all kinds of spirits in his to be informed that the many rigorous rules of mor- own extensive district with the population, and he tification prescribed by the Russian church have proves that if, as Mr. Pinkerton says, the vedro corfailed to make its members remarkable for sobriety. responds to three gallons, the average yearly conSomething, of course, may be ascribed to the exag-sumption of each person is two gallons. gerations of travellers, who living in inns and on the

road, and purposely hunting out all fairs, feasts, and "The peasant, however," he continues, "has festivities, whether public or private, will perhaps round, except on two or three days, when he varies gained this character, by drinking quass all the year not see in them the average character of the Russian, his monotonous existence by a fit of excessive and the even tenor of his ways: just as ladies and gentlemen coming to see their Oxford friends at comintoxication. Besides, here, as every where else, memoration time will be apt to acquire rather a holione man, when drunk, makes more disturbance than a hundred when sober." day notion of the academic life. Some allowance must also be made for misconception. The foreigner Travellers, indeed, do not appear to bring against who is asked by every workman or common labourer, the Russians the charge of regular or frequent in our country, whom he ventures to question con- intemperance. The labouring classes in every cerning his craft, for "something to drink his ho- country always living in forced abstinence, find nour's health," would surely be wrong in concluding voluntary moderation a difficult virtue when the that strong drink was the first wish of an English- opportunity of indulgence does at length come; and man's heart, and his only motive for civility to perhaps also the rigorous fasts of the Eastern Church strangers. Nor again would a visit to Smithfield at have a tendency to drive men to extremes. Hence St. Bartholomew's, or to the suburbs of London on the carnival and principal feasts of the year are in Easter Monday, afford to the enquiring stranger a Russia.described as scenes of more unbounded and fair exhibition of our national character; nor, as we more universal excess, than even in Italy itself. Mr. think, would his first journey into the city through Venables comments on the former of these occasions Whitechapel, in which for miles he sees every sixth in the truest English style, satirizing the religions house on each side of the road a gin shop; and still pretence, and feelingly realizing the personal inconJess would perusal of the police reports, "accidents veniences of the public rejoicings:and offences," in the first newspaper put into his hands.

"The lower orders consider it most unlucky not to

Be this as it

But after all proper deductions it must be admitted that Russia is disgraced with intemperance appear in a sledge at the promenade at least once even to an extent somewhat approaching our own during the carnival; thinking, as I am told, that it country, though, to do it justice, it falls far short of helps them on their way to heaven; the forfeiture of the northern part of this island. Nearly a fourth which it is also said they fear to risk if they omit to part of the revenue of Russia, Mr. Pinkerton informs get drunk in the course of the week. us, is derived from the sale of spirits. The imperial may, there are few among them who do not scrupugovernment, it should be explained, keeps in its own the two last days happy is the master who has a lously avoid all difficulty on this score; and during hands the sale of all spirits, in place of our cumbrous machinery of customs and excise licences and per- steady enough to place it on the table.”—p. 245. cook sober enough to dress his dinner, or a servant mits, with the laudable intention, or as some say, the specious pretence, of regulating and restricting the It is hard to say which is the worse, the state of use of these dangerous articles. The outspread things here disclosed, or the standard by which it is wings of the Russian eagle are over the door of every measured; surely there is more of the belly than of ginshop in every village throughout that vast empire. the heart in these reflections, which we feel to be as About the same proportion of the British revenue is unseasonable in such a subject as Ulysses, in the derived from the duties on spirits, besides several Isle of the Sun, felt the savoury odours of roast meat, millions for malt and hops, and we believe our states- when, after anxiously supplicating the gods, he was VOL. XXXVIII.—MARCH, 1840.

44

on his way back to his secure and disobedient com-fhimself up in fur, and keeps himself warm by drinkpanions. ing enormous quantities of hot tea, which is retailed That drunkenness is far from being the habit of the to them and to the droschka drivers who stand for Russian is clear from several considerations. His hire, by people who are constantly going about with chief drink is quass. Clarke, who omits no circum- a portable semavar or urn, kept hot by charcoal, and stance of disparagement in his account of the Rus- with cups fixed in a belt and strapped round their sian nobleman, can say nothing worse of his diet waists."

than that you will always find him drinking quass, Mr. Pinkerton has given us a picturesque drawing like the lowest peasant-who, he says elsewhere, of one of these izbitenchiki.

We

The last mentioned cannot afford any other beverage. This is not an writer, observing that instances of extraordinary lonintoxicating beverage, being, in fact, a sort of vine-gevity are frequent among the common people, asgar; it is made by mixing rye-meal and water with cribes it partly to "the simplicity of their mode of the addition of some malt, and leaving it till the living and abstemionsness of food.”—p. 79. acetous fermentation has taken place; the flavour is will add another proof of the usual sobriety of this like that of vinegar and water. It looks turbid and people: it is said that suicides in the southern nais very unpleasant to strangers, but by use even tions of Europe may be generally traced to love, and Englishmen become fond of it, and in the houses of in the northern to drink; but Mr. Raikes informs us the nobles, where attention is paid to its brewing, (p. 330) there are no suicides in Russia. this acidulous beverage is esteemed a delicacy, espe- Mr. Raikes, whose experience was confined to the cially during summer. It is found to be wholesome "City of the Czar," asserts (p. 179) “that thieving, and antiscorbutic in its qualities; it is the substitute dissimulation, and a few other little defects of the for beer, and also enters into the composition of a same nature, form an integral part of the national kind of cold soup, which Mr. Venables could not character;" and he proceeds to adduce the wellswallow, and of whose ingredients he gives a most known saying of Peter the Great to this effect. His dreadful enumeration, though no Russian dinner is first impressions of Russian honesty were not likely complete without it. Climate, however, works to be favourable. An incident which happened on wonders with the human stomach, and soon accom- his arrival, just as he had entered the suburbs of Pemodates it to the endless varieties of sours, salts and tersburg, showed, as he intimates, that the metropopickles, in which the Russian luxuriates: even lis he was visiting was not in this respect far behind Clarke, while travelling over the dry and thirsty the one he had left:steppes, found his barrel of raw vinegar a dangerous "Some thieves," he says, "cut off a trunk which

temptation.

was fastened behind the carriage, and, under cover of The Russians are also great tea-drinkers. Their the night, made away with it as adroitly as any tea is very good but very expensive, as every pound English depredators. Thus was I initiated at once is brought overland a journey of several months, into the experience of Russian dexterity." chiefly by Chinese merchants, and is sold at prices "When Peter the Great was advised by one of his unknown to us: the finer sorts, which are said to be ministers to expel the Jews from his dominions, on a real curiosity, costing from forty, fifty, to even a account of their cunning and roguery, he replied, hundred shillings a pound. The peasantry are gene-Let them alone, my Russians are a match for them.' rally obliged to content themselves with a substitute I believe his imperial majesty had a profound knowlcalled izbiten, consisting of potherbs, ginger, pepper edge of his subjects." and honey, boiled up together, which is taken hot, and is said to be very refreshing. We believe we have seen a somewhat similar potation brought to fishermen on our northern coasts, returning from their night of toil, and drank the moment of their landing:

It must, however, be remembered that the speaker in this instance himself preferred boldness and cunning to honesty, and was willing to compliment his subjects according to his own views of merit.Amongst other misfortunes of sovereigns, they have generally the opportunity of seeing the worst side of "The semavar, or Russian urn, heated with char- the popular character. Why, however, is Mr. Raikea coal, which is found in every house from the highest surprised to find in Petersburgh as much roguery as to the lowest in the country, is," says Mr. Venables, in London? He repeats this unreasonable com"an excellent invention, insuring good tea; since plaint on another occasion. "The Russian tradesthe water is always boiling, and the tea-pot being men," he says, "openly confess that they are rogues, placed at the top, is kept quite hot."-p. 72. and will ask even double the price which they are The more refined istvostchiks, or coachmen, gene-bitant, but more stubborn in reduction; indeed, the prepared to take; the foreigners are equally exorrally ask for a nachai or tea-money, instead of a dram, says Mr. Venables, who, describing a horse- demand for articles of luxury is now so limited here, that a German tailor who works for the court told me fair, saysfrankly he must have large profits on the small con"We walked through a refreshment-booth filled sumption in order to live." These are poor grounds with peasants and horse-dealers, and found them all whereon to condemn the tradesmen of a whole naas quiet as possible, and, with hardly an exception, tion. Has it occurred to Mr. Raikes that a man who drinking tea."-p. 83.

A little way further, speaking of the Russian bazaars, he tells us

"The tradesman spends the day in his shop, and only goes home at night; when it is cold he wraps

complains others are hagglers, admits himself to be one also? Common justice tells us not to take the opinion of a buyer as to the duties of a seller. Mr. Raikes comes from the greatest mart, and most regular system of traffic in the world, to a region of uncertain demand, scanty supply, and unfixed prices,