ally were only a short time in the country; who did not, perhaps, understand the language; who were suspected and avoided and, perhaps, regarded as enemies by those who had been ill-treated by previous visitors; and who judged of the character of a people by their own personal experience. So English travelers visiting America pronounce a judgment on our national life derived from their experiences in railroad stations, Western hotels, or among the hackmen at Niagara. So too Americans, after a few weeks in France or Italy, decide ex cathedrâ on French or Italian civilization by judgments derived from their observations among commissionaires and couriers.

Many travelers show by their self-contradictory statements concerning them their inability to observe the people they visit. Thus Mariner reports that the Tongans, or Friendly Islanders, are loyal, pious, obedient children, affectionate parents, kind husbands, modest and faithful wives, and true friends; and are at the same time without any words for justice and injustice, and do not regard theft, revenge, and murder as crimes; that they see no harm in seizing a ship and murdering the crew; that the men are cruel, treacherous, and treat their wives badly, but live happily with them; and that domestic quarrels are seldom known. Other writers say that the Tongans unite a remarkable mildness with great courage. They

are brave, but do not boast of their valor. Mariner himself tells us of a young warrior who was called up and praised by the king for an act in which courage and generosity were united. The youth blushed, and went modestly back to his place, and never boasted of what he had done.

The inhabitants of the Navigators' Islands are described as being "hospitable, affectionate, honest, and courteous." They are very warm-hearted, and "their honesty is really wonderful." On one occasion a European vessel went ashore on the rocks, and the whole of its cargo was at the mercy of the Samoans, but not a man stole anything, and the property was taken charge of for its owners. In how many Christian countries would not the wreckers have carried off the whole cargo!

Courtesy among the Samoans is regarded as one of the duties of life. The early voyagers were struck by the gentle demeanor, perfect honesty, scrupulous cleanliness, graceful costume, and polished manners of this people. One of the chiefs had a large number of presents given to him by the captain of an English vessel, such as knives, scissors, needles. He took each one separately, laid it on his head, and returned thanks for it, and then returned thanks for the whole. Then he turned to his people and said: "The English chiefs have given us all these presents, now let us give them in return something to eat, for there

are no pigs running about on the sea, nor any bread-fruit growing there." On hearing this the whole company ran away, and returned bringing a large quantity of pigs, bread-fruit, and yams, and presented them to the English. We have dwelt on the good morals of this particular people because the description is unquestionably correct; because it shows us a race in whom good morals and manners have grown up without any influence from without, they having lived for thousands of years alone on their islands, and because they united the two classes of virtues, viz., that of courage and honesty with that of kindness and courtesy, and both in a high degree. We certainly ought not to call such a people savages.

§ 6. The Races of Africa.

The negroes of Africa have been charged with all sorts of vices and crimes, theft, cruelty, treachery, disregard of life. But it must be remembered that the negroes of whom we have usually heard, have been for centuries corrupted by the slavetraders, both on the eastern and western shores of the continent. Foreigners have come among them to steal men and women, and have murdered thousands and tens of thousands in the operation. What wonder that the Africans should retaliate on foreigners in the same way. But the travelers who have penetrated the interior, like Du Chaillu,

Livingstone, and Stanley, and who have convinced the natives that they came as friends, have met with warm hospitality; have found them true to their engagements; have left them in charge of what to them was untold wealth, and have had it taken care of and faithfully restored again. They have, in short, found the rudimentary forms of the kingly and queenly virtues of truth and love, justice and mercy, united in the hearts of these benighted heathens.

Du Chaillu says that the Aponos, a merry race, who live near the equator, were an honest people, and stole nothing from him, and that some of them always took his part in any dispute which arose.

Livingstone, whose rule in going among the negro tribes was to make them feel that he was one of themselves, and that he loved them, was met everywhere by a responsive good will. When he died, hundreds of miles from the coast, and with no white man near, his faithful negro servants carried his body, his papers, and other valuables, all the way to the sea. His biographer says, —

"If anything is needed to commend the African race, and prove it to be fitted to make a noble nation, the courage, affection, and persevering loyalty shown by his attendants after his death is sufficient. It was a great, difficult, and dangerous work to carry his body to Zanzibar. It took nine long months of toil to do this. They dried the body in the sun, wrapt it in calico, inclosed it in a

bark cylinder, sewed a piece of sailcloth round all, and set out. They were not themselves well; they had to make their way through hostile tribes, and though a white party who met them urged them to bury the remains, and not run the risk of carrying them further, they were inflexible, and persevered.”

Such are the virtues which already appear in primitive man, rudimentary virtues, indeed, but partaking of the qualities of both the types described above. In courage, in loyalty to friends and tribe, in fidelity to engagements, honest dealings, we find the truth-cycle in its early forms; in hospitality, kindness to those in need, and domestic affection, we see the beginning of the love-cycle.

Proceeding onward from the primitive races and religions to national life and the ethnic religions, let us see what progress there is in morals.

§7. Development of moral impulse in character, Romans and Greeks. Socrates. The Stoics.

This important fact we immediately discover: that what is moral impulse in the child-like races grows up into principle and character in the higher forms of human life. We find this eminently among the ancient Greeks and Romans. In the national life of both races there are numerous and wellknown examples of high moral character.

The Greeks were to the Romans as the French to the English. In both instances the nation nearer