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possible criterion by which to judge all proposed changes and reforms in school courses.

A thorough analysis of each of the studies in the present-day curriculum points out their strength and their weaknesses, and the author never fails to make practical suggestions for the remedying of whatever defects he finds. By his trenchant observations and his sane-broadminded point of view, he makes the elementary subjects of arithmetic, reading, grammar, geography, et cetera, take on a new and vital interest. These discussions will furnish teachers with a fresh outlook on their work, quicken their interest and show them how to relate all teaching to life.

The chapters on Methods of Instruction are especially helpful in their constructive criticism. Two of the most illuminating chapters in the book are "The Correlation of Studies" and "Efficiency of the Course of Study." The author believes that history and geography need to be joined in wedlock. Nature study should be adopted into the family. Language should be taught as one means of expressing ideas on the other subjects studied, drawing as another. The much-discussed problems of Sex Hygiene, Moral Training, Industrial Training, Motor Expression, etc., are treated with rare common-sense.

Books Acknowledged for Review in Education

We acknowledge the receipt of the following books, formal reviews of which are impossible for lack of space.-Publishers Education. Introduction to Experimental Education.

By Robert R. Rusk, M. A., B. A.

Ph. D. Longmans, Green & Co. Price $1.40 net. Lippincott's Educational Series. Edited by Martin G. Brumbaugh, A. M., Ph. D. "Current Educational Activities." A report upon education throughout the world. Being the 1911 volume of "The Annals of Educational Progress." By John Palmer Garber, Ph. D. Associate Supt. of the Public Schools of Philadelphia. J. B. Lippincott Company. Price $1.25. Washington and Lincoln. Leaders of the nation in the constitutional eras of American History. By Robert W. McLaughlin. With three portraits. G. P. Putnam's Sons.

Jung Deutschland. By Anna Gronow. University Elementary School. The University of Chicago. Ginn and Company. Price, $.90.

The Essentials of English Composition. By James W. Linn. Associate Professor of English, University of Chicago. Charles Scribner's Sons.

Forge Work. By William L. Ilgen, Forging Instructor, Crane Technical High School. Chicago, Ill. American Book Company. Price, 80 cents. The Dramatic Method of Teaching. By Harriet Finlay-Johnson. Edited for American Teachers by Ellen M. Cyr. Ginn and Company. Price, $1.00. Training The Little Home Maker; by Kitchengarden Methods. By Mabel Louise Keech, A. B. J. B. Lippincott Co. The Riverside Readers. Fifth Reader. By James H. Van Sickle, Superintendent of Schools, Springfield, Mass., and Wilhelmina Seegmiller, Director of Art, Indianapolis Public Schools. Assisted by Frances Jenkins, Supervisor of Elementary Grades, Decatur, Ill. Illustrated by Lucy Fitch Perkins. Houghton Mifflin Company. Price, 55 cents.

Henrik Ibsen. Plays and problems. By Otto Heller, Professor of German and Literature. Washington University. Houghton Mifflin Co., Price, $2.00 net.

British Poems. From "Canterbury Tales" to "Recessional."

Edited by Percy

Adams Hutchison, Ph. D., formerly instructor in English, Harvard
University. Charles Scribner's Sons..

The World We Live In or Philosophy and Life in the Light of Modern Thought. By George Stuart Fullerton, Professor of Philosophy in Columbia University. New York, N. Y. The Macmillan Company. Price, $1.50 net.

Story-Land. Outlines for "The Child Life Composition Pictures." By Effie Seachrest. The A. S. Barnes Company.

Historical Charts of the Life and Ministry of Christ. With an Outline Harmony. of the Gospels. By Croscup. The Sunday School Times Co. Price, $1.50 net. Thought-Building in Composition. A training manual in the method and mechanics of writing, with a supplementary division on journalistic writing as a means of practice. By Robert Wilson Neal, A. M. The Macmillan Company. Price, 80 cents net.

The Kipling Reader. For elementary grades. D. Appleton & Company. Stuttering and Lisping. By E. W. Scripture, Ph. D., M. D., associate in Psychiatry, Columbia University. The Macmillan Company. Price, $1.50 net. Heath's Modern Language Series, Moliere et Recite, with vocabulary and scenes for acting. By M. L. Chapuzet, Girls High School, Wakefield, England. W. M. Daniels, M. A., D. Litt. City School, Westminster, England, D. C. Heath & Company. Price, 50 cents. Aus Vergangener Zeit. Edited by Arnold Werner-Spanhoofd, director of German, High Schools, Washington, D. C. Illustrated, with notes, conversational questions and vocabulary. American Book Company. Price, 50 cents. Old English Ballads. Selected and arranged for use in elementary schools. By John A. Long. D. C. Heath & Co.

The Elements of Musical Theory. A music text book for intermediate and high schools. Arranged and compiled by Edward J. A. Zeiner, teacher of music. Commercial High School, Borough of Brooklyn, New York City. The Macmillan Company. Frice, 40 cents net.

Columbia University contributions to Education. Teachers college series. The Secularization of American Education. By Samuel Windsor Brown, Ph. D., A. B. Teachers College, Columbia University. Price $1.50. Correct Business and Legal Forms. A reference manual for stenographers, secretaries and reporters. By Eleanora Banks. G. P. Putnam's Sons. God and Home and Native Land. The trinity which inspires noble living in young and old. Edited by Logan Marshall. The John C. Winston Company. Price $1.50 net.

Britton's Supplementary Leaflets for Class Use. Supplementary Arithmetic Problems, separate leaflets for each of eight grades, 5 cents each. Answers to Problems in Supplementary Arithmetic Leaflets, 10 cents. Language Exercises Fifth and Sixth Grades, 5 cents each. Grammar Exercises, 10 cents each. A manual of physical training, plays and games, for the Primary Grades of the Cleveland Public Schools, 10 cents each. manual of physical education, for the teachers of the Cleveland Public Schools, 15 cents each. The Britton Printing Company.

A

Rhythm and Action, with Music for the Piano. By Katherine P. Norton. Oliver Ditson Co. Price, $1.00.

Parallel Source Problems. In medieval history. By Frederic Duncalf, Ph. D., Adjunct Prof. University of Texas and August C. Krey, M. A. With an introduction by Professor Dana Carleton Munro of the University of Wisconsin. Harper & Brothers. Price $1.10.

Periodical Notes.

In the Popular Science Monthly for August the present all-absorbing subject of Eugenics is handled very cleverly, with special reference to Intellect and Character, by Professor Edward L. Thorndike.

The August Lippincott's is an ideal number for the late vacationist. The Complete Novelette, the Short Stories, and Editorial Pages vie with one another in holding the reader's unwavering attention from start to finish.

A several page paper on Common Sense in Pronunciation" by Robert J. Menner appears in the August issue of the Atlantic Monthly. Every line of this paper is worth the notice of teachers and all who appreciate the difficulty in avoiding colloquialisms.

The delights of the many unique and graceful customs, the wonders of the steaming, bubbling hot springs, the never ceasing pageant of fashion, wealth, and beauty, and all else that goes to make up life at Carlsbad, is told most alluringly by Harrison Rhodes in Harper's Magazine for August, under the title "Carlsbad the Cosmopolitan."

Readers of the Century Magazine for August will be delighted to find a three-part story, by the author of that captivating little book Molly Make-Believe, begun in this number. The title is "The White Linen Nurse," and the opening chapters put the reader in a fever of impatience for the next installment.

The articles contributed to the August number of the North American Review deal widely with the leading subjects of the day, Among the excellent papers is one by Dr. A. F. Zahn on "A National Aeronautical Laboratory," and a very timely one by Chester Loyd Jones on "Bananas and Diplomacy."

Devoted to the Science, Ar, Philosophy and Literature

of Education

VOL. XXXIV.

OCTOBER, 1913

No. 2

Education for the Industrial Advance of the

S

Wage Earner

WITT BOWDER, MADISON, WISCONSIN.

.....................ОCIETY is testing itself. Its ideas and its institutions are being weighed in the balance. Does a thing efficiently serve a worthy end? If it does, let it live and prosper. If not, it must either be adapted to present needs or else give place to something better. That much-discussed economic organization, the trust, is essentially a monopoly, and monopoly is no new thing. But men are now determined to put it to the test, to decide whether or not it shall be retained as a part of our economic system, and if so, to learn how it shall best be utilized to the advantage of society. Even that venerable and sacred institution, the church, is undergoing this searching criticism, so much so that it is adapting itself to present conditions by becoming more rational and democratic.

Education is not exempt. Indeed, there is so much indiscriminate criticism of the schools that one is often inclined to criticise the critics. And yet, when this spirit is demanding that every sort of organization, from the college fraternity to the Christian church, be weighed in the balance, can the schools be expected to escape? It is well that they should not escape, for this is a part of the process by which they are shaping themselves for better work.

The most urgently needed adjustment of the schools is in their relation to the wage earners. This is the more important because we are becoming more and more a wage-earning people. Even

among the professional classes, the majority are in the employ of state, church, and the larger private corporations; and while their compensation is dignified by the name of salary, it is not far removed in most cases from the wage of the ordinary industrial worker. Often it is lower. The average monthly salary paid teachers in the public schools is only about fifty dollars.

The agricultural classes include more than ten million of those engaged in gainful occupations; and strictly speaking, a large proportion of these are not wage earners but land owners. But there are upwards of two million farm laborers who are not land owners or tenants or members of their families. Nearly forty percent of the farms of the country are operated by tenants, and the proportion of farms so operated increased sixteen percent during the last census period. During the same ten years, the number of mortgaged farms increased nearly eighteen percent In spite of the increasing demand for land, the enlarged acreage under cultivation, and the development of intensive methods offarming, the average size of farms is increasing.

In seeking the favor of the farmer, the politician delights to exploit the advantages of the agricultural classes, but their industrial status is in many ways lower than that of the wage earners of the cities. In the cities, the wage earners can more easily unite for mutual advantage; they have better schools; and methods of industrial improvement that are found effective in a given city can more or less readily be appropriated in other cities, because of greater uniformity of conditions and closer relations among the workers. In the country, organization has so far achieved little as compared with labor unions in cities. Schools are for the most part mere makeshifts, taught by apprentices, or more largely still by those who are not even apprentices, but who are expecting to enter some other calling or to marry. Conditions are so diverse, and the population is so scattered, as to make improvement a slow and tedious process. In any plan for the industrial progress of wage earners, the workers in the country should by all means be included.

In both city and country, industry is becoming more and more centralized, and the result is a constant increase in the proportion of wage earners. Increase in the country of tenantry, hired labor, mortgages and the size of farms has already been noted. Even in

the newer regions of the southwest, the centralizing process is going on, and extending to the villages and the country. Thus in central Texas there is a typical village of fifteen hundred people. Not many years ago, the cotton gins, the stores, the hotels, and other enterprises were owned and operated by citizens of the town. Now, the gins, the banks, the leading hotel, and every mercantile establishment except two or three that are small and all but bankrupt, are owned wholly or in part by outside capitalists, who have similar holdings throughout the region. Almost the entire population of the town is of the wage-earning and salaried class. With such conditions and tendencies in the country and the small towns, what is to be said of the larger towns and the great cities?

Beyond question, industry throughout the country is being greatly centralized. In the country, tenantry and hired labor are increasing. In the towns and cities, small concerns are either becoming bankrupt or are allowing themselves to be absorbed by the great corporations. The artisan and tradesman, formerly independent, are becoming parts of contract systems.

This centralization of industry means the centralization of capital and a corresponding increase in the proportion of wage earners. By including among the wage earners not only those who work at "jobs" requiring manual labor, but those who have "positions" paying "salaries", and also the ordinary worker in the country, it is doubly true that we are a wage-earning people. The census authorities estimate that of males in the United States ten years old and over, about eighty percent are wage earners. By excluding children, the percent would of course be much larger. We are dominantly and increasingly a wage-earning people.

Whatever may be the good or evil of such conditions and tendencies, the wage earner is in urgent need of a higher industrial status. Wages have failed to keep pace with the increasing cost of living. This has necessarily either lowered the standard of living or kept it stationary. Hours of labor, save in the skilled and well-organized lines of work, are long, and conditions of labor are wretched and often dangerous. Standards of living are no better than wages and hours and conditions of labor.

A higher wage is a necessary element of the wage earner's in

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