ister of Education to the encouragement given by his Department to schools for mothers. Of 230 institutions of this character, 100 were declared to be excellent.

The conference on tuberculosis held in London at the same time reinforced the lesson of home sanitary conditions and the care of mothers with infant children. The matter of infant mortality was treated in both conferences as a part of the campaign for child protection to which the English government is fully committed.

The International Congress on Child Protection, held at Brussells, July 23-26, afforded an opportunity for reviewing the great progress which has been made in different countries in the promotion of welfare activities under State direction. The Belgium Minister of Justice who opened the congress attributed the growing concern in this matter to the new state of society in which the child is "detached from the old rural and family life."

The Twenty-seventh International Congress on Medicine, held in London, August 6-12, was remarkable for the distinction of the delegates, both official and professional and for the standard of the papers in which were set forth the highest results of experimental researches in their relation to the healing art. In the section of hygiene and preventive medicine, special attention was drawn to the school environment of children, particularly as regards lighting and eye strain. Dr. Kerr of London, advocated the total exclusion of book work until after the close of the eighth year and Professor R. Passek of Graz took strong position against any kind of school work which necessitates the bending of the pupils' heads or the shortening of the work distance.

SALARIES OF SECONDARY TEACHERS. In a series of important articles on secondary education, Mr. Cholmeley, Secretary of the Association of English Headmasters, indulges in some pertinent compariWith regard to salaries, he presents the following:

In the grant-earning secondary schools of England, the highest scale adopted by any local authority in England begins at £150 ($750) and goes up by yearly increments of £10 ($50) to £300 ($1,500), or in special cases to £350 ($1,750). That is in London, for men who are graduates of a university; for women graduates the scale is from £120 ($700) to £220 ($1,100), and in special cases to £250 ($1,250).

In Prussia the scale for men is from £135 ($675) initial salary to £360 ($1,800) final salary, with a rent allowance varying from £65 ($325) to £28 ($140), according to local conditions; in Bremen the scale is from £200 ($1,000) to £390 ($1,950); in Hamburg from

£200 ($1,000) to £450 ($2,250). Few authorities pay an initial salary of less than £150; and, moreover, in some municipalities where the environment is not attractive, higher salaries have been found necessary to attract competent teachers.

In Paris the range of salaries among the six classes of professeurs agrégés (secondary school masters of the first grade) is from £200 ($1,000) to £320 ($1,600) per annum, to which must be added in each case a sum of £20 ($100), the indemnité d'agrégation. It is calculated that the well qualified Frenchman may reasonably hope to obtain a salary of £300 ($1,500) after 24 or 25 years' service; all agrégés receive an initial salary of £148 ($740) per annum. Finland appears to be the only country in which women possessing the same qualifications as men are paid at the same rate; in Holland men teachers start at £150 ($750), women at £100 ($500)—a difference which compares unfavorably with the London scale. In France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries increases in salary are, generally speaking, regular and automatic.

All these countries provide pensions for teachers; in France, where the teachers are civil servants, the practice of the civil service obtains, and provision is made for widows and orphans; in Germany the teacher's pension amounts in many cases to over 75 per cent. of the final salary, and in 13 States no contribution is required from the teacher; in Denmark and Holland the pension is two-thirds of the final salary. In England about 25 secondary schools have pension. schemes; one of these that of the City of London School, which is financed by the Corporation-may be compared with the least favorable of the foreign systems; the rest fall far below them.

SPREAD OF FRENCH INFLUENCE. The determination of France to maintain intellectual prominence in the world is indicated by the establishment of "French Institutes" in foreign cities. Already such have been organized at London, St. Petersburg, Florence and Madrid. The institute at Madrid is a product of the joint efforts of the universities of Bordeaux and Toulouse. The work initiated in 1898, was inaugurated with impressive ceremonies during the Easter vacation of the current year. Its object as explained in an address on that occasion by Dr. Lapie, rector of the University of Toulouse, is to facilitate the study of the artistic and historic origins common to France and to Spain, for which purpose indespensable aids are afforded by the museums, monuments and archives of the latter country.

A. T. S.

Book Notices

FIRST READING BOOK FOR AMERICAN SCHOOLS. By Martin Schmidhofen, Supervisor of German in Chicago Public Schools. D. C. Heath & Co. Price, 40 cents.

The first sixty-one pages of this attractively illustrated beginner's book in German are printed in Latin type after which the pupil is assumed to be prepared to learn the German print. There is a good variety to the selections of poetry, anecdote, dialogue and songs. The pupil using this book will be likely to take an interest in his work.

SPOKEN ENGLISH. A method of improving speech and reading by studying voice conditions and modulations in union with their causes in thinking and feeling. By S. S. Curry, Ph. D., Litt. D. Boston. Expression Company. Price $1.25.

Dr. Curry needs no introduction to students and teachers of elocution. He is widely known by his books and his School of Expression as an authority in this subject. This, his latest volume is "an endeavor to furnish such methods for the development of Spoken English as will parallel the work of Written English, and to furnish hints upon the problem of teaching reading and of improving the voice."

The book is good for private study or for schools where much time can be given to vocal expression.

PREPARING FOR CITIZENSHIP. To the teachers in our schools on whom chiefly devolves the great privilege of preparing for citizenship the youth of our land. An elementary text-book in civics. By Wm. Backus Guitteau, Ph. D. With illustrations. Houghton Mifflin Co. Price 75 cents.

This little book is crammed with useful and interesting information so lucidly explained as to be readily comprehended by pupils of the higher grammar and lower high school grades. Numerous pictures showing government works of various kinds help to impress upon the student the service government renders to the citizen, and an effort is made to create a reciprocal feeling of obligation towards the government. The book should do much to produce a higher ideal of civics than is commonly held by our school youth.

PRACTICAL GEOMETRY AND GRAPHICS. By Edward L. Bates (London), and Frederick Charlesworth (London). B. T. Batsford, 94 High Holborn, London. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York. Price, $2.00.

This is a text-book for students in technical and trade schools, evening classes, and for engineers, artisans, draughtsmen, architects, builders, surveyors, etc. The presentation of problems and principles is eminently practical, which may be made the emphatic word in reading the title. There are numerous illustrations..

ARITHMETIC BY PRACTICE. By D. W. Werremeyer. Fort Wayne,
Indiana. The Century Company.

An excellent little volume aiming to provide a variety of problems suitable for the 7th and 8th grades.

HUMAN-BEHAVIOR.

A first book in psychology for teachers. By Stephen S. Colvin, Brown University, and William C. Bagley, University of Illinois. The Macmillan Company. Price, $1.00 net.

This book will be found very helpful to young teachers. It will enable them to understand the phenomena met with in the classroom, and will save them from many common mistakes which perplex and irritate. While thoroughly scientific the chapters are readable and can easily be understood because of the author's clearness of thought and brilliancy of style.

MEDICAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOLS. By Luther Halsey Gulick, M. D. and Leonard P. Ayers, Ph. D., New York. Survey Associates, Inc. Price, $1.50.

This new book is an authoritative, comprehensive statement of the present status of medical inspection of schools in America.

BEDROCK. Education and employment, the foundation of the repub lic. By Annie L. Diggs. The Social Center Publishing Co. Price, 25 cents. An earnest plea for an organized effort for the employment of the unemployed.

THE EARLY SEA PEOPLE. First steps in the conquest of the waters. By Katherine Elizabeth Dopp, lecturer in education in the extension division of the University of Chicago. Rand McNally & Company. Price, $.50.

A most attractive supplementary reader giving a continued narration of the experiences of our ancestors in Europe, earlier chapters of which were contained in former volumes of the series - The Industrial and Social History series.

THE RIVERSIDE SEVENTH READER. THE RIVERSIDE EIGHTH READER. By James H. Van Sickle, Superintendent of Schools, Springfield, Mass., and Wilhelmina Seegmiller, Director of Art, Indianapolis Public Schools. Assisted by Frances Jenkins, Supervisor of Elementary Grades, Decatur, Illinois. Illustrated. Houghton Mifflin Co. Price, $.55.

For the value of the selections and for the artistic and literary taste shown in the make-up of the volumes this series of readers is unsurpassed by anything now upon the market. Throughout the series there is a careful effort to impart an adequate vocabulary and to give the child high ideals as well as a wide acquaintance with good literature. These books are well worthy the wide popularity they are achieving throughout the schools of the United States.

ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY. Animal and Human. By James Edward Peabody, A. M., head of Department of Biology, Morris High School, Bronx, New York City, and Arthur Ellsworth Hunt, Ph. B., head of the Department of Biology, Manual Training High School, Brooklyn, New York City. The Macmillan Company. Price, $1.00 net.

The plan is to study a somewhat limited group of animals intensively and to consider only those functions of each animal which have some relation to human biology or to economics. Insects are studied because of their benefits or injuries to man; birds and fishes because of their economic value. There are valuable suggestions to aid apt students who wish to pursue the subject further either in class or outside.

MEWANEE, THE LITTLE INDIAN BOY. By Belle Wiley, critic and teacher of methods, Training School for Teachers, Rochester, N. Y. Illustrated by Charles D. Hubbard. Silver, Burdett & Company.

Gives interesting glimpses of Indian child life. The boys who have just learned to read will be delighted. The illustrations are attractive, and, with the text, give a real knowledge of Indians and their wild environment.

AESTHETIC EDUCATION. By Charles DeGarmo. Professor of the Science and Art of Education, Cornell University. C. W. Bardeen.

The author believes that the child should be trained on the aesthetic side as systematically as on the intellectual side. The book is a most, helpful presentation of the principles of beauty and of the means for its expression and impartation.

EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION. Quantitative Studies. By George Drayton Strayer and Edward L. Thorndike, Teachers College, Columbia University. The Macmillan Company. Price, $2.00 net.

This volume will aid those who wish to understand the essential principles of school management. A large variety of subjects are discussed chiefly chosen from the work that has been done at Teachers College, Columbia University in the application of quantitative methods to administrative problems. Such subjects as Studies of the Students, studies of the teaching staff, organization of schools and courses of study, the measurement of educational products and school finance receive careful attention. There is a series of valuable statistical tables.

A LABORATORY HAND-BOOK FOR DIETETICS. By Mary Swartz Rose, Ph. D., Assistant Professor, Department of Nutrition, Teachers College, Columbia University. The Macmillan Company. Price, $1.10 net.

This is a very thorough presentation of an important practical subject. It explains the problems involved in the calculation of food values and requirements and the construction of dietaries. The functions of food are fully explained, and the energy requirement, the protein requirement, the fat, the carbohydrate and the ash requirements are stated for various ages. The diagrams and reference tables make the book available for quick reference.