EXERCISE 65. In the following sentences point out the clauses, and tell how they are used : 1. Ask if you may go too. 2. Life is what we make it. 3. What he does is well done. 4. What you want is not here. 5. Take whichever you choose. 6. Show us where you found it. 7. This is not what I asked for. 8. What he promises, he will do. 9. No one can tell how this will end. IO. A servant must do what he is told. II. No man can lose what he never had. 12. "I am going a-milking, sir," she said. 13. Whether you go or stay is of little account. 14. The village all declared how much he knew. 15. He acknowledged that he had made a mistake. 16. Whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well. 17. Reputation is what we seem; character is what we are. 18. Lawrence's dying words were, "Don't give up the ship." 19. That the earth is round is proved by the shape of its shadow. 20. Columbus did not know that he had discovered a continent. 21. What a man puts into his head cannot be stolen from him. 22. The war cry of the Crusaders was, "It is the will of God!" 23. "Where is Abel, thy brother?" was God's question to guilty Cain. 24. One of the many objections to betting is that it demoralizes the character. 25. The world will not inquire who you are. It will ask, "What can you do?" 26. Philosophers are still debating whether the will has any control over dreams. 27. The explanation of the apparent daily motion of the sun and stars is that the earth spins like a top. 28. I dreamt that I dwelt in marble halls, With vassals and serfs at my side. To the Teacher.-Substantive phrases and clauses used as the objects of prepositions are treated in Part II. 7 CHAPTER VII OF INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS 68. Independent Elements Defined.-Examine the following sentence: I am going a-milking, sir. Here, you observe, the subject is "I;" the predicate is "am going a-milking." The word “sir belongs neither to the subject nor to the predicate, and therefore is not really a part of the sentence. It is merely attached to the sentence to show to whom it is addressed. Definition. A word or group of words attached to a sentence without forming a grammatical part of it is called an Independent Element. 69. Vocatives.-Independent elements are of several kinds. In "I am going a-milking, sir,” the independent element "sir" indicates the person to whom the sentence is addressed. Definition. A word used to call to or indicate the person or thing addressed is called a Vocative (Latin voco, "I call "). Care must be taken not to confound vocatives with the subjects of imperative sentences. In "Come on, boys," "boys" is a vocative. The subject of the command "come on" is omitted as usual; if expressed, it would be "you:" as, "Come [you] on, boys." EXERCISE 66. Point out the vocative words in the following sen tences: 1. Drink, pretty creature, drink. 2. Give me of your balm, O fir tree. 4. Thou, too, sail on, O ship of State. 5. Ye crags and peaks, I'm with you once again. 6. Wave your tops, ye pines, in sign of worship. 7. Roll on, thou dark and deep blue ocean, roll! 8. Sir, I would rather be right than be president. 9. My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not. 10. There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. II. To arms! To arms! Sir Consul, Lars Porsena is here. 70. Exclamations.-Examine the following sentence: What! are you going? Here the subject is "you;" the predicate is “are going." "What!" is an independent word attached to the sentence as an outcry or sudden expression of feeling. Definition.-A word or group of words used as an outcry or sudden expression of feeling is called an Exclamation. EXERCISE 67. Point out all the independent elements in the following sentences, and tell whether they are vocatives or exclamations: 1. Oh, hurry, hurry! 2. Well, let us try it. 3. Why, that is strange! 4. The boy, oh, where was he? 5. Poor man! he never came back. 6. Mortimer! who talks of Mortimer? 7. Ba, ba, black sheep, have you any wool? 8. Ha! laugh'st thou, Lochiel, my vision to scorn? 9. Alas! poor creature! how she must have suffered! 10. Ay me! what perils do environ The man that meddles with cold iron ! 71. Parenthetical Expressions.-Examine the following sentence: This, to tell the truth, was a mistake. Here the subject is This;" the predicate is "was a mistake." "To tell the truth" is a phrase, forming no part of the sentence (which is complete without it), but attached to it as a sort of comment or side remark. Definition. A phrase or a clause attached to a sentence as a sort of side remark or comment is called Parenthetical (Greek, "put in beside "). EXERCISE 68. Pick out the parenthetical expressions in the following sentences: 1. At all events, he did his best. 2. In fact, there was nothing else to do. 5. So far as I can see, there is nothing more to do. |