(5) Harry was hurt. (Passive verb.)

(6) Saul was made king. (Passive verb, with attribute complement.)

(7) It rains. It is snowing. (Impersonal subject.)

(8) It is wrong to steal. ("It" expletive.)

(9) There was water in the well. (“There" expletive.)

EXERCISE 35.

Illustrate each of the types of the simple sentence with a sentence of your own.

To the Teacher.-Indirect objects, which are modifiers rather than complements, are treated in the next chapter.

CHAPTER V

OF MODIFIERS

FROM our previous study it is clear that the essential parts of language are Subject, Verb, and Complement. They are, as it were, the bones of every sentence, giving shape to the thought, and holding it together. But these essential parts are seldom used alone. Generally they are accompanied by expressions that, without being essential, fill out the thought and give it definiteness and accuracy, something as flesh rounds out the human form.

53. Modifiers Defined.-Many words have meanings so wide that they must be narrowed before they exactly fit our thought. For example, the word "horses" applies to all the horses in the world; but we seldom wish to speak of all horses. To bring the meaning of the word down to the measure of our thought we add to it some word, or words, by way of limitation or description: thus,

Similarly there are many varieties of the action expressed by the verb "went:" as,

Definition.-A word joined to some part of the sentence to qualify or limit the meaning is called a Modifier.

Modifiers may be attached to any or all of the principal parts of a sentence: as,

54. Caution.-Care must be taken not to confound modifiers of the verb with complements. A modifier shows the time, place, manner, or degree of the action, being, or state expressed by the verb. An object complement denotes the object on which the action expressed by the verb falls; an attribute complement points back to the subject, mentioning one or more of its attributes.

In the following sentences tell whether the italicized words are objects, attribute complements, or modifiers of the verb:

1. Father called again. 2. Some savages are cannibals. 3. The regiment marched forth. 4. Gehazi went out a leper. 5. She sang a ballad. 6. Bismarck was a German. 7. She sang well. 8. The ship sailed yesterday. 9. The policeman looked surly. 10. Lot's wife looked back. II. They went below. 12. The deacon's horse ran a race. 13. The deacon's horse ran away. 14. Vesuvius is a

volcano. 15. Helen wrote yesterday. 16. She wrote a composi tion. 17. She writes well. 18. Mother is sewing late to-night. 19. She is sewing my dress. 20. To-morrow will be Saturday. 1 21. The man turned his head. 22. The men turned pirates. 23. The man turned round. 24. He walked a mile. 25. He walked his horse. 26. The Romans soldiers. were great 27. Who fought there? 28. Who fought King Richard? 29. Who fought Test? 30. The ship struck a rock. 31. The ship struck head-on.

EXERCISE 38.

Separate the following sentences into simple subject, verb, complements, and modifiers:—

1. Have you much time?

MODEL FOR ORAL EXERCISE.—An interrogative sentence. The subject is "you," unmodified. The predicate is "have much time," consisting of the verb " have" and the object "time," which is modified by "much."

MODEL FOR WRITTEN EXERCISE.

2. Where is your hat? 3. Every dog has his day. 4. Many hands make light work. 5. Little strokes fell great oaks. 6. An undevout astronomer is mad. 7. When shall I see you again? 8. The postman comes twice daily. 9. We often meet nowadays; sometimes we exchange a few words; we seldom converse long. 10. Here he comes. 11. They walked up and down. 12. Where did you find those apples? 13. I have nearly finished my work. 14. We shall surely expect you to-morrow. 15. Perhaps your sister will come too. 16. To and fro and in and out the wan stars danced between. 17. Why did you come here to-day? 18. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 19. Meanwhile we did our nightly chores. 20. The old horse thrust his long head out. 21. This good news arrived yesterday. 22. The first carriage contained four persons. 23. A large black dog carried the basket.