was made for instruction in political and economic science. In his inaugural address in 1836, President Hopkins alluded to the recent introduction of the study of political economy, and expressed the hope that means could be provided for instruction in constitutional law. For this a place was found in the same year, when Professor Alden discarded Vattel and introduced Story on the Constitution. The sophomore course in history remained as before, and, after a time at least, came under the charge of Professor Alden. In 1837 the course in political economy was shifted to the first term of the junior year, and in 1840 Wayland's well known treatise was introduced as a textbook. Professor Alden was a Jeffersonian Democrat and a free trader, but seems to have made more of his lectures upon the the United States Constitution* than of his work in history and political economy. In 1843 a course in American history was introduced in the second term of the junior year, and in 1844 this was placed among the studies prescribed for sophomores. Two years later, however, this subject dropped out of the curriculum. At this point it will prove interesting to compare the development of political and economic studies at Williams with their history at a sister institution, Dartmouth College.† At Hanover these studies were first introduced in 1796, under the stimulus of the same influences that were felt at Williams in the previous year. In Dartmouth the juniors were given instruction in Paley's Moral and Political Philosophy by the professor who had general charge of that class; while the seniors, under the guidance of President Wheelock, studied Burlamaqui's Principles of Natural and Politic Law, of which an American edition had been published at Boston in 1793. In 1804 the course in political philosophy was transferred to the charge of the Professor of Divinity, and in 1823 to the Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy. In 1822 instruction in constitutional law was given to the seniors, and in 1828 a chair of Moral Philosophy and Political Economy was created. Professor Roswell Shurtleff, the incumbent of this chair, intro * Cf. A. L. Perry, Miscellanies, p. 142. Williamstown, 1902. † See J. F. Colby, Legal and Political Studies in Dartmouth College, Hanover, 1896. duced Say's Political Economy in the place of Burlamaqui's Natural and Politic Law; and continued for a decade the use of Paley's Political Philosophy and the Federalist. In 1838 Paley was replaced by Wayland's Moral Philosophy, and in 1842 a course in Kent's Commentaries on American Law was offered to seniors. Some years later the latter work was displaced by Story's well-known treatise. The general similarity of development in the two institutions is emphasized by the fact that Dartmouth, in 1808, made unsuccessful efforts to establish a professorship of law. At Williams the next important event was the resignation of Professor Alden in 1852. ` After an interval of a year, Arthur Latham Perry was called to a professorship of History and Political Economy; and commenced those studies, especially in the field of political economy, which soon brought him a national reputation and secured distinguished recognition in France and England. Although compelled by the poverty of the college to give instruction in German and in Christian Evidences for many years, he soon built up a strong department of history and political economy. To the sophomores he gave instruction in history, at first for one and later for two terms, introducing newer and better text-books, as they appeared, in place of the wretched treatise by Tytler. To the juniors he offered a course in political economy for which he published, in 1865, the first of his well-known books, Elements of Political Economy. In addition, Professor Perry continued the work in constitutional law which had been begun by his predecessor. This study was, in 1859, transferred to the junior year, where it long remained; at the outset Story's work was used as a text, but in time the instruction came to be given by lectures. Upon an average, during the period from 1857 to 1887, the three subjects above mentioned occupied about one-eighth of the entire college course, and until the latter year they were required of all students.* In 1871 Orrin Sage, a Massachusetts manufacturer, gave the college $50,000 as an endowment for Professor Perry's chair. In part, at least, this action was the result of the attacks which *Cf. A. L. Perry, Miscellanies, pp. 141-148. had been made from time to time upon Professor Perry's views concerning the injustice and inexpediency of the protective tariff. The trustees of the college had at all times upheld the independence of the department of political economy, but the gift was prompted by a desire to place the chair upon the most secure foundation possible. So far as freedom of teaching is concerned, few, if any, American colleges can boast of better traditions. In 1882, with the coming of the elective system, there was established an elective course in European history, conducted by a new instructor. This marked the beginning of the separation of the departments of history and political economy, which became complete when, in 1890, an endowment was received for a chair of American History. In the following year Professor Perry closed his long term of faithful service to the college, and John Bascom was made acting professor upon the Orrin Sage foundation, which was thereafter devoted to the department of political economy. Thus at the close of the first century of its existence, Williams College had created two independent departments for the studies in which, at the outset, the president had instructed the seniors during the last half of the collegiate year. With the history of the last decade it is not the purpose of this paper to deal. Suffice it to say that the establishment of new chairs of Political Science and of European History has enabled the college to extend and to specialize instruction in these subjects, so that now four professors are cultivating the field where Professor Perry labored so long and so successfully as Professor of History and Political Economy. In all this the college is but meeting the demands of the times for more extensive instruction in political and economic studies. To-day, as in 1794, it is attempting, so far as its resources permit, to prepare young men for the intelligent exercise of the rights and duties of citizenship; and now, as formerly, it seeks to prescribe, for students or teachers, no tests of political or economic orthodoxy. With such a record of honorable achievement, the college faces hopefully the educational demands of the twentieth century. Lessons in Genetic Psychology and its Relations to Modern Pedagogy JOHN OGDEN, LL.D., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. IV The Feelings or Sensibilities—the fountains and feeders of thought, the prompters and promoters of will power-involve the following operations and conditions. There are two general varieties, determined by the origin or sources whence they spring, as I. The purely PHYSICAL SENSIBILITY, produced by sensations through nerve sources or senses, by means of the power physical objects have to impress mind, etc. (See "Origin of Thought," article No. 1.) It may be described by the following DEFINITION XV Causatively, as: The susceptibility or capacity the mind has to receive impressions from physical sources (through the senses), and to experience corresponding changes or nervous agitations, as revealed in and through consciousness; or, as purely mental phenomena, it is these sensations themselves which the mind receives or experiences from these known causes the contact with externality. It also includes some forms of instincts, appetites and desires. 2. PSYCHICAL SENSIBILITY, or that which is purely subjective (see “Origin of Thought,” second part), may be described by the following DEFINITION XVI As: The susceptibility the mind has to experience those psychic changes or agitations of the soul, not objective in source or origin, but purely subjective, though often set in motion through the action of the senses, as in sights and sounds affecting the soul. They embrace the emotions, affections and desires, of which the variety in character and degree is almost infinite; as in pleasure and pain in all their varieties, in joy and sorrow, in hope and fear, in delight and despair, in love and hatred, in anger, scorn, contempt, rage, fury, frenzy, etc., all expressions of some of the forms in which our feelings manifest themselves. 3. There is also a vital sensibility, or the sense of vigor and languor, health and disease, heat and cold, rest and fatigue, etc. NOTE. In the study of this variety of mental phenomena the class will find great delight and profit, inasmuch as they reveal many of the elements that go to form human character. Moreover, in learning to analyze and classify these emotions, affections and desires, they learn their real character and value, and how to cultivate and control them in their lives. THE HUMAN WILL In presenting this third and last-mentioned power of the mind, we can do no more than give a very brief outline or statement concerning it. The subject is so vast that to attempt anything more would involve arguments and space that would be out of harmony with the plan of this series of articles. Its nature and office, that have already been alluded to in connection with other mental powers, may be inferred from a brief yet more formal description given in the following DEFINITION XVII The Human Will, the motor of the mind, is that self-determining power it has to order its own movements on the line of possible contingency; to make its own voluntary choice, and to execute its own decisions. Most of these decisions are reached 1. By a comparison of weight or force of respective incentives or motive, which weight or force the will has power to accept or to set aside as it may determine. There is no compulsion either way outside the will itself; and motive is powerless to impel, since it has no existence save in the future or in prospect. The will, therefore, is free to act, to choose as it may determine. It is even master of its own volitions, since these are acts of the will itself. 2. It has also executive energy (, in pro, work = inward work) or power to execute its own decisions-what it designs the execution of which is subject only to will power "on the line of possible contingency," since no power is capable of executing impossibilities. Volition itself, which is only an |