apperception, and is purely subjective as to source. (These two processes will be defined further on.)

b. It will be seen, therefore, that thinking is not carried on entirely within us. The forces that stir the mind and set it going are from the outside of us, or the mind. Environment helps us to think, just as moisture, heat, and light help the seed in the ground to germinate, and the plant to grow. And these questions in respect to the former will arise; viz., Are there any other original sources of thought? If so, whence and what are they? The class should decide. c. All impressions upon the mind are made through or from the sensorium or seat of sensation, the nervous center of all impressions from the outside world. And the questions will arise again, Can there be any thinking done in a case where all the avenues to the outer world are closed? If possible, under what conditions? The class should decide. d. The brain does not think. It is material—a part of the body-and matter cannot think. The soul or self has a mind that thinks, feels, and wills. They both have their living habitation in the human body during its temporary existence, and, doubtless, are reassociated in the spiritual body hereafter.

e. The brain and the whole nervous system are the media through which the mind during mortal life acts, the sensorium of which receives all impressions from without, whence sensations are transmitted to the hemispheres or cortical regions of the brain, where the gray matter by its disturbances shows the mind to be at work elaborating thoughts from material furnished by the sensorium.

f. This brain and the nervous system, in fact the whole human body, should be studied in order to understand the functions of the mind: indeed, both should be studied in the same connection because of their mutual relationship. We do violence to both by a needless separation even in study. And it may be further stated that the more perfect the organism through which the mind acts, especially the nervous system, the more perfect the action of the mind and forcible the thinking.

g. The body is provided with organs exactly suited to man's wants, each having appropriate functions by which and through which life is sustained and manifested. Most of these organs may be studied as the faculties of the mind are; viz., in a state of activity. They may be briefly outlined as follows, and, as before stated, their study should accompany that of the mind.

1. THE ORGANS OF LIFE, or those concerned in the food supply and preparation, as digestion, circulation, respiration, secretion and separation, deposition and elimination, naming, locating, and describing the several organs concerned in these processes.

2. THE ORGANS OF MOTION, or those concerned in the various voluntary movements of the body, as bones, muscles, joints, tendons, membranes, and other integuments, the skin included. Let these be located in the living body, and their functions described both at rest and in motion, in health and in disease.

3. THE ORGANS OF SENSATION AND THOUGHT, or those through which the various senses and the mind itself act, as the brain, its location, parts, form, material, and the functions assigned to each part, the kind of matter, etc., the spinal cord, the nerves-sensory and motory-their origin and use.

NOTE.-The above at first sight might appear to be a very brief course in physiology. So it is, and so it is int nded to be; but it is more than is generally known by some of our best scholars(?). It will be found ample for ordinary purposes in the hands of a competent teacher. It is to be deplored that psychology and physiology are separated in study. The one is incomple e without the other; and a better practical knowledge of both can be acquired by associating them in less time than is usually devoted to one separately. The fact is, the true scientific and economic text-books for the millions, in all branches of study, are yet to be made. We have too many text-books by at least one half the present number.

As far as I am acquainted with those on these two co-ordinate branches of the same study, Mark Hopkins' Outline Study of Man approaches the nearest a genuine book for study. But it is not a text-book. Genetic psychology, as now studied, is another step in the right direction.

The mind is the agent of the soul. It is, as it were, the eye that sees, the ear that hears, and the hand that feels and does. The soul, therefore, thinks, feels, wills and does through this mind agent. As agent it is limited, at least in its present sphere

of operation, to a comparatively few faculties or powers, as perception, consciousness, memory, imagination, etc. (hereafter described). Lower animals have fewer still, until we arrive at a point in the scale of life where no appreciable percipience and probably no sensation exist, as in the vegetable world.

It is possible, however, nay probable, that these powers, and indeed all natural gifts, may be greatly improved, enlarged and multiplied in number and efficiency to the soul in another state of existence. And as the soul at present is supplied through the bodily organism with only five or six avenues to the external world, called the senses, in a future state it may have fifty, or five hundred, more or less, each one adding new pleasure and delight. God is good!

Whatever, therefore, the mind enjoys and suffers, the soul enjoys and suffers, since it is a necessary part of the soul, ever present with it, through which all the thinking, feeling and willing take place; and the bodily organism simply furnishes the avenues through which these powers are displayed.

The three grand functions of the mind are intellect, sensibility and will, as modes of activity. The mind is therefore a unit, acting in these three directions or fields in the process of thinking.

The intellect is the cognitive or knowing power. The sensibility is the sensational or feeling power. The will is the determining or motive power.

I. THE INTELLECT. The special powers of the intellect are:1. Perception and apperception, conception and intuition, called the presentative powers.

2. Consciousness, memory, imagination and phantasy, called the representative powers.

3. Understanding, judgment and reasoning, called the rational powers; all the above based upon the kind of knowledge produced by the action of the mind in these directions. The classification is more a matter of convenience than of scientific importance.

These powers will be fully defined and their application shown in the processes of thinking in a future number of EDUCATION.

Around London with Dickens

CAROLINE SHELDON, MILLS COLLEGE, CALIFORNIA

VERY city, like every living being, has its own individuality, its characteristics, its "ways," that set it apart from all other cities. To an American this civic individuality is perhaps more marked in London than elsewhere. New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, hold the future of his race and country, but London holds his past; and this is true, even though he be of other than pure English descent. Paris is beautiful, clean, fascinating; along with Rome, Florence, Venice, Athens, and Berlin it presents much that is interesting in literature, art, and history, but, like these cities, it is essentially foreign. Unless one knows its language and its literature, and knows them sympathetically, he is always conscious of being an alien. He is surrounded by a chill atmosphere of criticism; and, whether he be the critic or the criticised, this atmosphere is a non-conducting medium, preventing close acquaintance, genuine interchange of ideas, and real enjoyment. But to the American putting foot for the first time in London, even-perhaps especially-to the American whose ancestors have for nearly three centuries lived and died in the New World, so that, as Lowell and Hawthorne have said, he can claim kinship with the very soil, and feels that he has roots reaching far down beneath the surface of things,-to such an American there comes a curious thrill as he realizes that at last he is really in London. Nor does this arise from his being in any sense an Anglomaniac. He may believe that the best country in the world to live in, now and henceforward, is the one whose ensign is the Stars and Stripes; but when he enters London, leaves the train at Waterloo Station, Charing Cross, or Paddington, rides up St. Martin's or Chancery Lane, and makes himself at home in Bloomsbury, he feels quite at ease, and says to himself, "Hawthorne was right; it is Our Old Home.'" When he stands under the dome of St. Paul's, among the tombs of Westminster, or in the corridors of Parliament House, he

seems to himself to have come into possession of another portion of the family estate, old, rich, beautiful, and his by indisputable right.

London is so composite-it holds so many cities within cities —that if one tries to study its history he becomes lost in a bewildering maze of fact and fiction about Celtic London, Roman London, Saxon London, London under the Plantagenets, the growth of her chartered privileges, the distinction between city and metropolitan regulations, and so on indefinitely -all of it interesting, but one must stop somewhere.

It occurs to the lover of books, the person who has not read the old poets and novelists merely that he may perform the modern duty of analyzing and dissecting them, but to the one who has browsed at will in poetry, drama, and romance for pure love of reading good things, that it would be pleasant to follow some of his favorite authors about from one to another of their especial haunts; and there are many who lend themselves readily to this sort of treatment.

Possibly among moderns there is none whom one can follow so readily and with so much satisfaction as Dickens. London is much changed since he walked its streets as boy and man, changed for the better in many ways because he once lived and wrote here; but it is still rich in memories of him, and many of 'the places where his men, women, and children lived and died will long remain as he knew them, because they are almost organic parts of the city's life.

Certain of Dickens' novels may be taken as a sort of prose epic, in which he relates the story of London life. There is scarcely a foot of the city as it existed in his day that does not live again in his pages. After wandering about the narrow streets of Bloomsbury, and certain others near the various Inns of Court, exploring Drury Lane and Soho, and making excursions to Camden Town, one feels, upon re-reading David Copperfield, Nicholas Nickleby, or Oliver Twist, as if he were standing upon the corner of a London street while the crowd passes by, and Dickens singles out here and there a man or woman and tells us of his struggles, triumphs, or failures.