(debt), No. 50 (banks); Senate Miscellaneous, 39 Cong. I sess. Nos. 100, 112, 117; Senate Reports, 51 Cong. 2 sess. No. 2130 (import duties); House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. 2 sess. I, III, Nos. 36, 44, IX, No. 122; 37 Cong. 3 sess. V, No. 25 (banks); 38 Cong. I sess. XIII, No. 66 (Jay Cooke); 38 Cong. 2 sess. VIII, No. 16 (cotton); 39 Cong. I sess. VII, No. 26 (deposits), XII, No. 95 (rebel cotton loan); 48 Cong. 2 sess. XVII, No. 4, Table E (proceeds of taxes); House Miscellaneous, 38 Cong. I sess. III, No 28; House Reports, 38 Cong. I sess. II, No. 140; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 295-314; 1862, pp. 452– 474 (finances); 1863, pp. 290–304 (National Bank Act), 394–412 (finances); 1864, pp. 371-377 (finances), 219–352, passim (Congress); 1865, pp. 205– 301, passim (Congress), 335-350 (finances); Edward McPherson, History of the Rebellion, 358–374. - STATUTES: Statutes at Large, XII, XIII; C. F. Dunbar, Laws Relating to Currency and Banking, 155– 198; American Annual Cyclopædia, as above; Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 38 Cong., Appendices. — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Hugh McCulloch, Men and Measures, Chs. xv-xvii; John Sherman, Recollections, I, Chs. xii, xiii, and Selected Speeches; R. B. Warden, Life of Salmon P. Chase; J. W. Schuckers, Salmon P. Chase; Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, II; L. E. Chittenden, Personal Recollections, Chs. xxxiii, xxxiv; Charles Sumner, Works, VI, 319, VII, 84–109, 148, 166, VIII, 419, 471, IX, 26, 229, 336. Other collections of speeches, see §§ 3234. — Court DECISIONS ON LEGAL TENDER: Hepburn vs. Griswold, 8 Wallace, 603, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2222; Knox vs. Lee, 12 Wallace, 457, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2237; Juillard vs. Greenman, 110 United States, 421, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2255.

Bibliography. J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia; II, 490, III, 986; W. E. Foster, Providence Monthly Reference Lists, II, Nos. 53, 60; indexes to public documents (see § 16e); Bowker and Iles, Reader's Guide, 35-43, 66–72; C. F. Dunbar, Topics and References, Financial Legislation.

§ 212. International Complications of the War,

1861-1865.

Summary. Administration of foreign affairs: Secretary Seward; Charles Sumner; Lincoln. — Question of blockade: 1861, April 19, 27, Lincoln's proclamations; blockade-runners (§ 209); captures (§ 210); effect on foreign cotton-spinning. — Recognition of belligerency : 1861, May 13, English neutrality proclamation; other foreign neutrality proclamations. Trent affair:

§ 212.]

International Complications.

421

1861, November 8, seizure of Slidell and Mason by Wilkes ; December 23, English ultimatum presented; December 25, cabinet agrees to surrender Mason and Slidell. Alabama question : 1861, May 1, Minister C. F. Adams in London; Confederate sympathies of the governing class; Union sympathies of the working class; Confederate sympathies of the English colonies; 1862, February 18 to March 22, Adams's protests against the Oreto (Florida); June 23 to July 29, Adams's protests against the "290 (Alabama); 1863, the Japan (Georgia); 1864, the Sea King (Shenandoah); depredations of the cruisers (§§ 209, 210); question of indirect damages; effect on American merchant marine. — Captures of English vessels: blockade-runners (see above); " continuous voyages.". Mexico 1861, English, French, and Spanish convention; 1862, French invasion; 1863, September 20, Seward's protest; 1864, April 4, House resolution on monarchical governments; Maximilian's empire; 1865-66, Napoleon III compelled to withdraw.

General. - John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, 368-387; Freeman Snow, Lectures at the Naval War College, §§ 57-69; Sidney Buxton, Finance and Politics, I, Ch. xiv; H. C. Fletcher, American War, I, Ch. ix; Rossiter Johnson, Short History of the War, Chs. v, xxiv; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Chs. xiii, xiv.

Special.

NARRATIVES: Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, IV, Ch. xv, V, Ch. ii, VI, Chs. ii, iv, VII, Ch. xiv, VIII, Ch. x; J. F. Rhodes, History, III, 417-435, 519-543, IV, V (in preparation); F. W. Seward, Seward at Washington, I, Chs. lx, lxi, lxv-lxvii, II, Chs. ixi, xx, xxiii, xxv, xxviii, xxix, xxxiv; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, IV, Chs. xliv-xlviii; Charles F. Adams, Jr., Charles Francis Adams (in preparation); Pleasant A. Stovall, Robert Toombs, Ch. xxi; Montague Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain, Chs. v-xviii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, II, Chs. lx-lxii; III, Ch. lxxxiv; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, II, 245-250, 266–284, 367-381; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Ch. xxvi; Thurlow Weed Barnes, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, 348-417; Century Company, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, IV, 595-614 (Confederate cruisers); John Bigelow, France and the Confederate Navy; J. R. Soley, The Blockade and the Cruisers ; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 70 (blockade), 693 (Trent); 1862, pp. 193 (blockade), 738 (mediation), 741 (slave trade). — DISCUSHenry Wheaton, Elements of International Law (Boyd edition),

SIONS:

§§ 412-537, and Appendices; C. C. Beaman, National and Private Alabama Claims; Theodore Woolsey, International Law, §§ 163-203 ; Travers Twiss, Law of Nations, War, I, Chs. vi, x-xii; J. N. Pomeroy, International Law, Ch. vii. PERIODICALS: See list in § 26a, and indexes in § 16c. The English reviews devoted much space to the war, especially Spectator, London Times.

Sources. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE: Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, years 1861, 1862, 1863 (2 vols.), 1864 (4 vols.), reprints from Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. 2 sess. I (1861); 37 Cong. 3 sess. I (1862); House Exec. Docs., 38 Cong. I sess. I, II (1863); 38 Cong. 2 sess. I-IV (1864); 39 Cong. I sess. (1865). — OTHER DOCUMENTS: House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. 2 sess. III, No. 46 (Trent), VIII, No. 104 (privateers), VIII, No. 100 (Mexico); 37 Cong. 3 sess. V, No. 23, and VI, No. 54 (Mexico); 38 Cong. I sess. VII, No. 10 (diplomatic system); XV, No. 92 (Mexico); 39 Cong. I sess. VII, No. 36 (Shenandoah); House Reports, 37 Cong. 2 sess. III, No. 122 (reciprocity); 39 Cong. I sess. I, No. 100 (neutral relations); Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. 2 sess. IV, Nos. 8, 14, 18 (Trent); I, No. 100, and V, No. 57 (slave trade); 37 Cong. 3 sess. No. 27 (contraband), Nos. 49, 50 (English workingmen); 38 Cong. I sess. I, No. 30 (monarchical governments), No. 47 (Mexico), No. 54 (foreign enlistments); 38 Cong. 2 sess. I, No. 2 (aid by British subjects), No. 33 (Mexico); 39 Cong. I sess. I, No. 5 (Mexico); Case of the United States before the [Geneva] Tribunal of Arbitration; Edward McPherson, History of the Rebellion, 150-153, 338-356; Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, Suppl. I, passim; Francis Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States (see index under "Blockade," "Neutrals," Privateers "); American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 258-277 (correspondence), 70 (blockade), 252 (cotton), 462 (Mexico), 584-593 (privateering), 624-627 (neutrality proclamations); 1862, pp. 378-393 (correspondence); 1863, pp. 340-345 (correspondence), 636 (Mexico); 1864, 360–366 (correspondence); 1865, pp. 335–350 (finances); Pitt Cobbett, Leading Cases and Opinions in International Law. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, II; William H. Seward, Works, V (Diplomatic History of the War for the Union"); John Bright, Speeches on the American Question; Gideon Welles, Lincoln and Seward; C. G. Loring and E. W. Field, Correspondence on the Present Relations between Great Britain and the United States; Samuel A Goddard, Letters on the Rebellion; J. L. Peyton, The American Crisis, II, Chs. i-v; Charles Sumner, Works, VI, 153–243, 474–487, VII-IX, passim.

$213.]

Administration and People.

423

Bibliography.-W. E. Foster, Providence Monthly Reference Lists, IV, No. 90 (Mexico); J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 45; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 173-179; Indexes to Public Documents (§ 16e); footnotes to treatises on international law, cited above.

§ 213. Administration and People during the War,

1861-1865.

Summary. Administration: President (§ 208); cabinet; Secretary Stanton; generals; war governors; civil service. Raising troops regulars; volunteers; terms of enlistment; officers' commissions; recruiting; bounties; drafts; 1863, draft riots; Sanitary Commission; fairs. — Parties: Republicans ; War Democrats; Peace Democrats; unfavorable elections of 1862; Republican opposition to Lincoln; cabinet troubles; election of 1864.

Arbitrary government: 1861, April 27, Lincoln suspends habeas corpus; May, Merriman case; indemnity act; 1863, act authorizing suspensions; 1863, May, Vallandigham tried by a military tribunal; Vallandigham sent south; erection of provost marshalships in Northern states; Milligan case. — Popular sentiment: commercial prosperity; excitement of the war; sacrifices of soldiers; sacrifices of those who stayed at home; the women.

General. - Alexander Johnston, American Politics, Ch. xx; Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 104-116; John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, II, passim; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. xxxii, xxxiv; II, Chs. xxi, xxx; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Chs. xvii, xx, xxi, xxiii; Rossiter Johnson, Short History of the War, Chs. xxi, xxii, xxix; S. G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution, Chs. i, iii; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 642, 836, II, 432, III, 532-537, 1099-1101; W. R. Houghton, History of American Politics, Ch. xviii; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xxi; R. H. Gillett, Democracy in the United States, 270-283, 291; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Chs. xi, xii; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, Life of J. J. Crittenden, II, Ch. xviii; E. B. Callender, Thaddeus Stevens, Ch. vi; Thurlow Weed Barnes, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, 418-448; Geo. S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, §§ 243-261, 413-426; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 662-668, 703-710; Joel Tiffany, Treatise on Government, 244–266.

Special. NARRATIVES: W. A. Dunning, Constitution in Civil War (Political Science Quarterly, I, 163–198); Nicolay and Hay, Abraham

Lincoln, IV, Chs. vi-viii, VI, Chs. xv, xvi, VII, Chs. ii, xii, xiii, VIII, Chs. i, ii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, III, Chs. lxxxv, lxxxvii; H. C. Fletcher, American War, I, Chs. iv, x, xvii, II, Chs. v, ix, xv, III, Chs. i, xx, xxiv; Henry Wilson, Military Measures of the United States Congress; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, II, 1–17, 343-350, 450-503; F. W. Seward, Seward at Washington, II. — HABEAS CORPUS AND MARTIAL LAW: Joel Parker, Constitutional Law, and Habeas Corpus and Martial Law, and Three Powers of Government; William Whiting, War Powers under the Constitution; Rollin C. Hurd, Treatise on Habeas Corpus; L. G. Tyler, Suspension of Habeas Corpus (Political Science Quarterly, III, 454-488); Samuel Tyler, Memoirs of Taney, Ch. vi; John A. Marshall, American Bastile; Horace Binney, Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus; Lives of Abraham Lincoln (see § 25): North American Review, XCIII, 453. — PERIODICALS: List in § 26a; indexes, § 16c; especially New York Tribune, New York Times, New York Evening Post, New York Herald, Boston Advertiser, Springfield Republican, Albany Evening Journal.

Sources. PRESIDENTS' MESSAGES: Congressional Globe, 37 and 38 Cong.; Annual Cyclopædia, 1861 to 1865 (under " Public Documents"); Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works; contemporary newspapers; American History Leaflets, Nos. 18, 26. — DEBATES: Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 38 Cong. DOCUMENTS: Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. 2 sess. V, Nos. 42, 50, 51; Senate Miscellaneous, 38 Cong. I sess. III, No. 71 (draft riots); House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. I sess. Nos. 5, 6, 16, 17 (habeas corpus); 38 Cong. I sess. V, No. 1 (provost marshal general); 38 Cong. 2 sess. XIII, No. 56 (election), No. 59 (peace); 39 Cong. I sess. IV, No. 1 (provost marshal general); House Reports, 39 Cong. I sess. I, No. 93 (Fry); House Miscellaneous, 39 Cong. I sess. III, No. 70; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 328 (press), 354 (habeas corpus), 439 (martial law); 1862, pp. 275-376 (Congress), 508-515 (habeas corpus), 726– 732 (message of December, 1862); 1863, pp. 233-258 (debates on habeas corpus), 268–328 (debates), 469-491 (habeas corpus), 606 (martial law), 811-818 (riots), 831–842 (general); 1864, pp. 219–352 (Congress), 389-394 (press), 421-425 (habeas corpus), 778-801 (general); 1865, pp. 205-301 (Congress), 414-421 (habeas corpus); Official Opinions of Attorneys-General, X, XI, passim; Edward McPherson, History of the Rebellion, 153-195 (habeas corpus), 261-338, 374-389 (general), 403–417 (conventions of 1864), 617-622; Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, I-XI, and Supplement, passim. WRITINGS OF Contemporaries: John Sherman, Recollections, I, Ch. xv; Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works;