§ 208. Abraham Lincoln and his Policy.

Summary. Lincoln's life: 1809, birth; 1847-49, in Congress (§ 196); 1858, Douglas debate (§ 201); 1860, November 6, elected President; characteristics. - Interregnum: December 22, letter to Stephens; December, opposes compromise (§ 207); influence on Greeley and Seward; February 11-23, journey to Washington. Status of the country: secessions (§ 206); Southern Confederacy (§ 209); the forts (§ 207); uncertainty of public feeling. Fort Sumter crisis: March 4, inaugural address ; March 5, cabinet nominated; March 12, commission of the C. S. A.; March 13-22, Campbell's intervention; March 29, Lincoln decides to reinforce; April 1, Seward's suggestion of foreign war; April 6, notice to South Carolina; April 12, attack on Fort Sumter; April 13, the fort surrendered. - Outbreak of war: April 15, call for volunteers; April 19, Sixth Massachusetts in Baltimore; April 19-29, blockade proclamations. — Border states: April 17, Virginia secedes; May 6, Arkansas secedes ; May 7, Tennessee secedes; May 20, North Carolina secedes ; Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri retained; status of East Tennessee, West Virginia, and the eastern shore of Virginia.

General.

NORTHERN VIEW: Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. xxvi-xxx; James Schouler, History, V, 497-511; George Lunt, Origin of the War, Ch. xx; James Russell Lowell, Political Essays, 75– 91; Rossiter Johnson, Short History of the War, Chs. iii, v; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 708-720; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 444-450; John Bigelow, Life of S. J. Tilden, I, Ch. vii; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. viii; R. H. Gillet, Democracy in the United States, §§ 100-104; Geo. S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, 214–226; Joshua R. Giddings, History of the Rebellion. — FOREIGN VIEWS: Montague Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain, 65–105; H. C. Fletcher, American War, I, Chs. ii, iii; Goldwin Smith, United States, 233-253.

Special. NORTHERN VIEW: James F. Rhodes, History, III, 300354; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, II, Ch. xxix, III, Chs. xvi-xxvi, IV, Chs. i-iv; John C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, Chs. v, vi; Century Co., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, I, 1–73;

§ 208.]

Abraham Lincoln and his Policy.

411

J. W. Draper, Civil War, II, Chs. xxxiv-xxxviii; J. G. Nicolay, Outbreak of Rebellion (Campaign series); George T. Curtis, James Buchanan, II, Chs. xxiv-xxvii; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Chs. xiii, xiv; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, III, Chs. x-xvi; Samuel T. Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War.- BIOGRAPHIES OF LINCOLN (see § 25): especially John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, Ch. viii, 220-302; Henry J. Raymond, Administration of Lincoln; A. R. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times; Lamon, Herndon, Arnold. - SOUTHERN VIEW: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 263–300, 319–329; Alex. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, Colloquies, xviii, xx; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Chs. v, vi; Alfred Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard, I, Chs. iii, v; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Chs. xx, xxi; see also biographies of Jefferson Davis, Stephens, Toombs, Yancey, Lee, Stonewall Jackson (§ 25). — BIOGRAPHIES OF NORTHERN STATESMEN (§ 25), especially Chase, Seward, Scott, Douglas, B. F. Wade, Crittenden ; F. W. Seward, Seward in Washington, I, Chs. liv-lvii; E. D. Keyes, Fifty Years' Observation, Chs. xx, xxi (Scott); Thurlow Weed Barnes, Memoir of Thurlow Weed, 291-348. — FOREIGN VIEW: Comte de Paris, Civil War, I, 107–171; Agénor de Gasparin, Uprising of a Great People.

Sources. DEBATES AND SPEECHES: Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess., 37 Cong. I sess., 37 Cong. 2 sess. (1860–62); Alexander Johnston, American Orations, III, 141-263. DOCUMENTS: House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. I sess. No. 20; Senate Miscellaneous, 37 Cong. 2 sess. (state resolution); American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 225-250 (Congress), 315-323 (forts), 416-420 (Lincoln), 601-612 (inaugural and message of July 4, 1861); War of the Rebellion, Official Records, Series I, Vol. I, 190–317 (Fort Sumter), 474–488 (North Carolina); Series IV, Vol. I, passim; American History Leaflets, Nos. 18, 26; Edward McPherson, History of the Rebellion, 105-150; Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, I, Pt. ii, pp. 36–73; J. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference, V, 3417-3420. - · CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, II, 1-66; William H. Seward, Works, IV; R. B. Warden, Life of Salmon P. Chase; L. E. Chittenden, Recollections of Lincoln, Chs. xlii-xlvi; Charles Sumner, Works, V, 481-508; G. W. Julian, Political Recollections; A. G. Riddle, Recollections of War Times, Chs. ii-vii; Thurlow Weed, Autobiography, 602-620; Hugh McCullough, Men and Measures, Ch. xiv; Horace Greeley, Recollections, Chs. xlix-lii ; The Sherman Letters, 104-124; E. D. Keyes, Fifty Years' Observation,

Chs. xvii-xxi; John Sherman, Recollections, I, Chs. x, xi; E. L. Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, IV; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, II, Ch. v; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. iii, Chs. xi-xiii, Pt. iv, Ch. i, Appendices G-I, L; A. Doubleday, Reminiscences of Fort Sumter; F. B. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House; Gideon Welles, Lincoln.

Bibliography. Andrew Boyd, Memorial Lincoln Bibliography; Sabin, Dictionary of Books Relating to America, title Lincoln; J. R. Bartlett, Literature of the Rebellion; W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 45, and Providence Monthly Reference Lists, I, 21; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 162; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, pp. 169–172; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 68; Indexes to Public Documents (see § 16e); footnotes to Rhodes, History, and Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln.

§ 209. The Southern Confederacy, 1861-1865.

Summary. Formation : 1798-1860, suggestions; 1836, "The Partisan Leader "; 1861, January 7, call by Alabama; February 4, Congress at Montgomery; February 8, provisional constitution; February 18, Davis inaugurated president; March 11, permanent Constitution adopted; 1862, February 18, permanent Constitution in force. - The Constitution: modelled on the federal Constitution; "delegated powers"; cabinet ministers in Congress; no protective tariffs or internal improvements; veto of appropriation items; two-thirds vote for export tax and new states. Slavery in the Constitution: word "slaves"; slave trade prohibited right of transit acknowledged; territorial slavery acknowledged; November 21, Vice-President Stephens's "cornerstone" speech. — Administration of the Confederacy: cabinet ministers; civil officials; Davis's predominance; rivalry of Stephens; secret sessions. Finances loans; foreign loans, paper money; requisition; taxes. Conscription: difficulty with Georgia. — Foreign relations: friends abroad; missions (see also § 212); recognition of belligerency; no recognition of independence; the Pope's letter. Collapse in 1865 military defeat (§ 210); exhaustion of the country; effect of the blockade. — Legal status: a government de facto; acts legally void; effect of Fourteenth Amendment.

§ 209.]

General.

Southern Confederacy.

413

Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 117-123; A. Johnston, in Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 566-571; J. F. Rhodes, History, III, 291–296, 320-325, 381-394, 543-553; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, 403-408, 414-418; F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 140, 141, 165, 217-228, 233, 3742; Montague Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain, 53-65; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. xv; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, Ch. xiii; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, III, Ch. ix.

Special. - NORTHERN VIEW: J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Ch. xxxii, II, Ch. xlii, III, Chs. lxxiv-lxxxv; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, III, Chs. xii, xiii, IV, Chs. ix-xiii, V-X, passim; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 121-165, 278, 279, 1862, pp. 235-255, 1863, pp. 203-219, 1864, pp. 193–203, 1865, pp. 187-202; Magazine of American History, II, 259, XVI, 387; Galaxy, VI, 749–758, XVII, 399; Fraser's Magazine, LXVI, 443. — SOUTHERN VIEW: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 229-246, 258-281, 339-352, 484520, II, 1-17, 245-265, 343-350, 367-381, 608-624; Joseph Hodgson, Cradle of the Confederacy, Chs. xvii-xix; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, passim, especially Chs. v, vii, x; P. C. Centz, Republic of Republics, 497-512; Southern Historical Society Papers, VII, 99, 333. — BIOGRAPHIES: Mrs. Davis, Jefferson Davis, II; F. H. Alfriend, Jefferson Davis, Chs. viii-xxi; E. A. Pollard, Jefferson Davis (unreliable); Henry Cleveland, Alexander H. Stephens; Alfred Roman, General Beauregard, II, Ch. 1; J. W. Jones, Robert E. Lee; J. W. Du Bose, William L. Yancey, Chs. xxv-xxvii ; H. D. Capers, C. G. Memminger. — Foreign View: H. C. Fletcher, American War, I, Chs. iv, v, vii, x, II, Chs. i, ix, xi, III, Chs. xvii, xxiv. FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND NAVY J. T. Scharf, History of the Confederate Navy; John Bigelow, France and the Confederate Navy; J. D. Bullock, Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe (see also §§ 210, 212). — MILITARY AFFAIRS (see § 210). FINANCES: J. C. Schwab, Finances of the Southern Confederacy (Political Science Quarterly VII, 1); Banker's Magazine, XXIV, 934-941, 1089-1095; Horace White, Money and Banking, 166–174.

Sources. OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: Provisional and permanent constitutions, in American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 627-631; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 640-675; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, 714-735; War of the Rebellion, Official Records, Series IV, Vol. I, 134–141, 256–267; Confederate Statutes; Echoes from the South; E. McPherson, History of the Rebellion, 98-104; British and Foreign State Papers, LI, 672, 879. — MESSAGES AND DOCUMENTS: The archives of the Confederate government (including the MS.

Journals of Congress) are in the War Department in Washington. Many documents are published in rare original pamphlets (no consecutive numbers); Echoes from the South; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 121-165 (legislation), 278 (diplomacy), 612-624 (messages), 1862, pp. 12-15 (army), 256–274 (Congress), 599–604 (navy), 732-738 (messages), 1863, pp. 16 (army), 226-233 (Congress), 659 (navy), 782799 (messages), 1864, pp. 30 (army), 206–219 (Congress), 556 (navy), 691-698 (messages), 707 (navy), 710-714 (peace negotiations), 1865, pp. 717-719 (messages), 1861-1865, passim, under heads" Army," " Confederate States," "Congress, Confederate," and the seceded states by name; Edward McPherson, Rebellion, 400–403, 417-622, passim; [United States] House Exec. Docs., 39 Cong. I sess. XII, No. 3 (state laws); War of the Rebellion, Official Records, Series I, serial Nos. 1-100, Series IV (Confederate); Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, I-XI, and supplement, Vol. I, passim; British and Foreign State Papers, LV; Staatsarchiv, IV, 239-335; Southern Historical Society, Papers, I, 23; II, 56, 104; V, 288; VI, 353; VII, 99, 127, 333, 353; IX, 542; X, 137, 154, 560; E. C. Mason, Veto Power, Appendix C.- STATUTES: Confederate States of America, Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government, and Public Laws, and Private Laws.- CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Jefferson Davis (see above, under Special); A. H. Stephens, War between the States, passim; George Cary Eggleston, A Rebel's Recollections; J. B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary; A Lady of Virginia," Diary of a Southern Refugee; J. L. Peyton, The American Crisis I, Chs. i-v; J. H. Gilmer, Southern Politics, and Argument in the Case of the Confederate States vs. Gilmer; Daniel, Richmond Examiner during the War; R. L. Dabney, Defence of Virginia and the South; Heros Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence ; Raphael Semmes, Cruise of the Alabama; The Index (a review published in London at the expense of the Confederacy); C. Girard, Les Etats Confédérés d'Amérique, Visités en 1863. — There are also numer

er

ous narratives and diaries of civilians within the Confederate lines. PERIODICALS: Articles on the Confederacy are few (see § 26a), but they may be found by using the indexes (§ 16c). Of the Southern newspapers the most important are the Richmond Whig, Richmond Examiner, Charleston Mercury; files are very rare.

Bibliography. — Sabin, Dictionary of American Bibliography, title Confederate States; Bartlett, Literature of the Rebellion; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 571, 721; Boston Public Library, Catalogue, Bates Hall Supplement, 654–656; R. Desty, Federal Constitution, 116, 117; John O.