§ 206.]

Theory of Secession.

405

Special. THE Doctrine DEFENDED: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. i, especially 70-77, 157-168, 185-192; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 17-49, 408-418, 441-452; 459539, II, 5-15, 26-34, 261-271; W. W. Handlin, American Politics, Causes of the Civil War (New Orleans, 1864); C. S. Farrar, The War, Its Causes and Consequences; Abel P. Upshur, Brief Enquiry into the Nature of the Federal Government; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. i; A. T. Bledsoe, Is Davis a Traitor?; J. W. Du Bose, Life of Yancey, Chs. viii-xxi.-ADVERSE TO THE DOCTRINE: John C. Hurd, Theory of Our National Existence, and The Union-State; William Whiting, War Powers under the Constitution; T. S. Goodwin, Natural History of Secession; Henry Baldwin, General View of the Constitution; C. S. Patterson, The United States and the States, Chs. i, xii; J. M. Cutts, Brief Treatise (Douglas's views); J. Parker, Constitutional Law; C. W. Loring, Nullification, Secession; S. G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution. Sources. DEBATES: Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess.; 37 Cong. I sess., 2 sess. (especially debate on Davis resolutions, January, May, 1860). — DOCUMENTS. - Ordinances of Secession and accompanying documents (see § 206). - Lincoln's inaugural address and message of July 4, 1861, in Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, II, 1-7, 55, 56; Congressional Globe; Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. 2 sess. No. 1 ; American History Leaflets, No. 18.- Select speeches, in Johnston, American Orations, II, 46–125; III, 49–124. Buchanan's doctrine : his message of December 3, 1861, in Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess.; Mr. Buchanan's Administration. Southern Documents: Southern His

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torical Society, Papers, I, 1, VI, 54, 190, X, 433. SUPREME COURT CASES Texas vs. White, 7 Wallace, 700, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302; White vs. Hart, 13 Wallace, 646, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 259; Keith vs. Clark, 92 United States, 461; Sprott vs. United States, 20 Wallace, 419.

Bibliography. — Robert Desty, Federal Constitution, 116, 117, 273; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 62; III, 788; Albert B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 66.

§ 206. Process of Secession, 1860-1861.

Summary. Previous threats (see § 205). - Causes of secession: conventional views; ambition; desire for independence ; political supremacy; self-government; slavery. - Grievances of the South general discontent; unfriendliness; wrong interpretation of the Constitution; political apprehension; opposition to

slavery. — Movement in South Carolina: 1860, October 5, Governor Gist's letter; November 5, legislature called; November 6, election day; November 7, resignation of Federal officials; November 12, act for calling a convention; December 17-20, Secession Convention; December 20, Secession Ordinance ; December 24, accompanying papers; effect on the Union. The other cotton states: movement for secession; November 14, Stephens's Union speech; 1861, January 5, resolutions of secession congressmen; January 9, Mississippi secedes; January 10, Florida secedes; January 10, Alabama secedes; January 11, Georgia secedes; January 26, Louisiana secedes; January 28, Texas secedes. February 4–18, Southern Confederacy formed

($ 209).

General.―John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, Ch.vii; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. xxii, xxvi; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Chs. xvi, xvii; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 437-444 ; James Schouler, History, V, 469–491; J. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference, V, 3405-3416; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Chs. ii-v; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 296; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, 696– 708; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. vi; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Ch. x; James Spence, American Union, Chs. iii, v, vi; Montague Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain, 40-53; J. E. Cairnes, Slave Power, 17-32, 128-132; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, III, Ch. i.

Special. - NORTHERN VIEW: J. F. Rhodes, History, III, Chs. xiii, xiv; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, VII, Chs. vii, viii; John C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, Chs. ii-iv; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, II, Chs. xvii-xxv, III, Chs. i, iii-xiii; J. W. Draper, History of the Civil War, I, Chs. xxxi, xxxiii; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Ch. li, III, Chs. i, ix-xli; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Ch. xi; James Russell Lowell, Political Essays, 45-74, 118-152; Century Co., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, I, 26-49, 99-110. SOUTHERN VIEW: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 57-85, 199-226; Mrs. Davis, Jefferson Davis, I, Ch. xlv; II, Ch. i; George T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, Chs. xiii-xx; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, I, Colloquies xi, xii, II, Colloquies xix, xxi; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. v; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. xiv; Horatio King, Turning on the Light; Robert Toombs, in A. H. Stephens's War between the States, II, 109–130; Alfred Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard, I, Chs. i, ii; A. L. Long,

§ 207.]

Process of Secession.

407

Robert E. Lee, Ch. v; R. L. Dabney, Stonewall Jackson, 125-196; J. W. Du Bose, Wm. L. Yancey, Chs. xxiii, xxiv. BIOGRAPHIES OF CONTEMPORARIES: especially lives of Lincoln, Seward, Chase, Buchanan, Jefferson Davis, Stephens, Toombs, Cobb, Tyler (§ 25). · STATE HISTORIES: J. T. Scharf, Maryland, III, Ch. xlii; N. S. Shaler, Kentucky, Ch. xv; see also histories of the seceding states (§ 23).

Sources. DEBATES: Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess. passim. DOCUMENTS: Alexander Johnston, American Orations, III, Pt. vi; Senate Exec. Docs., 36 Cong. 2 sess. I, No. 1 (Message of December 3, 1860); IV, No. 5 (Message of January 31, 1861); 38 Cong. I sess. I, No. 3 (resignation); House Exec. Docs., 36 Cong. 2 sess. VI, No. 26 (Message of January 9, 1861), IX, No. 61 (Message of February 8, 1861), No. 72 (Dix's report), 37 Cong. 3 sess., III, No. 1, p. 532; House Reports, 36 Cong. 2 sess. I, No. 50, II, 79, 87, 88, 91; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, see index under "Confederate States" and each seceding state; also pp. 594-600, 666 (Message of December 3); T. V. Cooper, American Politics, Book I, 87-120; J. Buchanan Henry, Messages of President Buchanan; War of the Rebellion, Official Records, Series I, Vol. I, passim (secession and Fort Sumter), Series IV, Vol. I, passim (messages and papers of seceding states); Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, I, Pt. ii, 1-28; Edward McPherson, History of the Rebellion, 1-47, 389-400; Southern Historical Society, Papers, XIV, 359, XVI, 319. PROCEEDINGS OF SECESSION CONVENTIONS: especially Journal of the Convention of the People of South Carolina. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration, Chs. iv-vi, ix-xi; W. T. Sherman, Memoirs, I, 172–204; Morgan Dix, Memoirs of John A. Dix, I, 333–388; John Sherman, Recollections, I, Ch. ix; E. D. Keyes, Fifty Year's Observation, Chs. 17-19; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. i, Chs. vii, ix, x, Pt. ii, Pt. iii, Chs. i-vii; Pleasant A. Stovall, Robert Toombs, Chs. xix, xx.

Bibliography.-W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 43; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 158, 159, 161; Albert B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 67.

§ 207. Coercion and Compromise, 1860-1861.

Summary. Possible policies of the North: (1) "let the erring sisters go in peace"; (2) resistance; (3) compromise; temper of the North.. · Buchanan's attitude: 1860, October 29, "General Scott's Views"; November 7-9, question of reinforcements;

November 20, opinion of Attorney-General Black; December 3, Buchanan's message; December 9, "Memorandum" of South Carolina members; December 11, instructions to Major Anderson; December 15, resignation of Secretary Cass. — First period of compromise: precedent of earlier compromises of 1820, 1833, and 1850 (§§ 177, 183, 197); interest of the border states; inclination of the Republicans; December 6 to January 14, House Committee of 33; December 14, Southern address against compromise; December 20-28, Senate Committee of 33; compromise defeated by Lincoln. — First Sumter episode: December 20, secession of South Carolina (§ 206); December 22–26, commission to Buchanan; December 26, Anderson occupies Fort Sumter; December 27-29, cabinet crisis, Floyd resigns; December 29, Buchanan yields to Black; December 31, decision to hold Sumter; January 9, Star of the West fired upon; January 14 to February 6, correspondence with South Carolina commission. Second period of compromise: attitude of Seward; January 14, Crittenden compromise defeated; February 7, Vallandigham's plan; February 4-27, peace conference; March 2, all compromises fail; March 2, Corwin amendment submitted; why did compromise fail? - Question of coercion : apathy of Congress ; probable effect on border states; effect on "Union men” in the South. Principles of coercion: (1) protection of national property; (2) "execution of the laws"; (3) "suppressing insurrection"; (4) "war on a state."

General. John C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, 10-60; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Chs. xvi-xix; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. xxiii-xxv; James Schouler, History, V, Ch. xxii, Sect. ii; John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, 189-220; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. v; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 553, 578; III, 932; T. M. Cooley, Story's Commentaries, § 1922; Lawrence, Wheaton's International Law, § 43; Charles Ingersoll, Fears for Democracy, 178–221; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. iv.

Special. NORTHERN VIEW: James F. Rhodes, History, III, Ch. xiv; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, II, Chs. xxvi-xxviii, III, Chs. i, x-xv; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, VII, Ch. xi; Frederic Bancroft, The Final Efforts at Compromise (Political Science

§ 207.]

Coercion and Compromise.

409

Quarterly, VI, 401-423); John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, Ch. vii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Chs. xxvi-xxix, xxxiii; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, III, Chs. ii-viii; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Chs. xii, xiii; F. W. Seward, Seward at Washington, Chs. liliv. SOUTHERN VIEW: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 247-258; L. G. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, II, Ch. xx; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. xv ; George T. Curtis, James Buchanan, II, Chs. xxi, xxii. See also lives of Lincoln, Seward, Chase, Crittenden, Toombs, Jefferson Davis (§ 25).

Sources. OFFICIAL RECORDS: Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess. passim, especially 1114 (Crittenden plan), 794 (Vallandigham's), 1254 (Peace Conference), 690 (Kellog's), 283, 379 (Clark's); Senate Exec. Docs., 36 Cong. 2 sess. IV, No. 2 (Message of February 19); Senate Reports, 36 Cong. 2 sess. No. 288 (Committee of 13); House Miscellaneous, 36 Cong. 2 sess. (resolutions of legislatures and public meetings); House Reports, 36 Cong. 2 sess. I, No. 31 (Committee of 33), II, Nos. 87, 88 (coercion); Opinions of Attorneys-Generals, IX, 522-526 (Black). COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS: American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 166-225 (Congress), 562-568 (Peace Conference), 575 (Personal Liberty Laws); War of the Rebellion, Official Records, Series IV, Vol. I, passim (messages and letters); Edward McPherson, History of the Rebellion, 48-91; Frank Moore, Rebellion Records, I, Pt. li, pp. 35, 36; Southern Historical Society, Papers, XII, 60; James B. Thayer, Cases on Constitutional Law, 2274-2420; L. E. Chittenden, Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Conference Convention; Official Journal of the Conference Convention; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, passim. — CONTemporary WriTINGS : James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration, Chs. vii, viii; The Sherman Letters, 76-104; Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, I, 635– 694; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. i, Ch. viii, Pt. iii, Chs. viii-xi; Chapman Coleman, Life of John J. Crittenden, II, Chs. xiii-xvii; E. L. Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, IV, Ch. xliv; Amos Kendall, Autobiography, Ch. xix; Charles Sumner, Works, V, 293-484; William H. Seward, Works, IV, 223–692.

Bibliography. W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administration, 43; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 554, III, 933; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 169; Ben Perley Poore, Catalogue of Government Publications, 783–791; Indexes to Public Documents (see § 16e); Albert B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 67; footnotes to Rhodes and Von Holst.