H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, VI, Ch. i, and John Brown; J. F. Rhodes, History, II, 384-416; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xxxix, xlv, xlvi.

Sources.-TEXT OF THE DECISION in 19 Howard, 399, and 2 Miller, I; extracts in American History Leaflets, No. 23; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 480.- DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. I sess. (see indexes, "Harper's Ferry "); Senate Exec. Docs., 36 Cong. I sess. II, No. 2.- - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: F. B. Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, Chs. xii-xvii; James Redpath, Echoes of Harper's Ferry; James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, 420–480; Frederick Douglass, Life and Times, Pt. ii, Chs. viii-x; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, III, Ch. xix; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, II, Ch. iii; Alexander Johnston, American Orations, III, 28.

Bibliography. — J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 841; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 42; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 152, 154; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, §§ 33 i, 33 j, 63, 65; H. Matson, References, Nos. 45-47; notes to Rhodes and Von Holst.

§ 203. Election of 1860.

Summary. Parties in 1857 and 1858: Buchanan's presidency; 1857, new tariff; question of homesteads; revival of the slave-trade threatened; Kansas question (§ 200). — LincolnDouglas debate: Douglas against the Lecompton Constitution (§ 200); Lincoln as the Republican candidate for the senatorship; 1858, June 16, "House divided" speech; joint debates; August 27, Douglas's "Freeport Doctrine"; Douglass successful. -Congress: 1859-60, parties; Douglas out of favor; "Impending Crisis" debate; "Covode investigation.” — Nominations of 1860 : April 23-May 3, Charleston Convention; May 16, Republican convention; hopes of Seward, Cameron, and Chase; May 17, Lincoln nominated; May 24, Jefferson Davis's slavery resolutions; June 22, Baltimore convention nominates Douglas; June 28, Seceders' convention nominates Breckinridge. Campaign issues: Kansas (§ 200); territorial slavery (§§ 196, 199, 220); abolition; disunion (§ 205). — The result: November 6, Lincoln elected; November 20, South Carolina secedes (§ 206).

§ 203.]

Election of 1860.

401

General. E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xx; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xxi; James Schouler, History, V, Ch. xxii, Sect. ii; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. iv; S. H. Gay, Bryant's History, IV, 432-434; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Chs. xiv, xv; Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War, I, 107–132; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 599, 997; J. E. Cairnes, Slave Power, 128 (203).

Special. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, II, Chs. x-xvi; J. F. Rhodes, History, II, Chs. x, xi; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, VI, Ch. vii, VII, Chs. ii-vi; George T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, II, Chs. xii, xiii; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, II, Colloquy xviii; John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, Ch. vi ; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xliii, xliv, xlvii-lv; J. W. Draper, History of the Civil War, I, Ch. xxx; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Chs. viii-x; D. W. Bartlett, Presidential Candidates in 1860; Lives of Lincoln, Douglas, Breckinridge, Bell, Chase, Seward, etc. (§ 25).

Sources. - Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess. (see Davis, Douglas, Wade, Seward, Hale, etc.); Lincoln and Douglas, Debates; Abraham Lincoln, Works, I; E. L. Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, III, Ch. xliii; Alexander Johnston, Representative American Orations, III, 3-48; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. i, Chs. vi, vii; [James Buchanan], Mr. Buchanan's Administration, Chs. iii, xii, xiii; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, Life of John J. Crittenden, II, Chs. xi, xii; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, III, Ch. xx; James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, 480-526; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, II, Ch. iv; J. M. Cutts, Brief Treatise; E. McPherson, History of the Rebellion; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, pp. 46-420.

Bibliography.-W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 44; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 156, 157; notes to Von Holst, Rhodes, Schouler, etc.

XXIII. THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD.

Summary.

§ 204. The Sections Compared.

Geography: areas of free states, border states, and seceding states; status of territories; status of Pacific states. - New states admitted: 1858, Minnesota; 1859, Oregon; 1861, Kansas (34th). — Military conditions: distances; coast line ; Appalachian range; inside lines; the South on the defensive. Economic comparison: agriculture; wealth; manufactures; commerce; means of communication. - Social comparison: population, Northern, border states, Confederacy; negroes and whites; cities; education; intelligence. — Military comparison: number of troops, Northern and Southern; regular army; military administration; military aptitude; officers; the Northern and Southern volunteer; military supplies; military preparation; use of negroes. - Expectation of foreign aid: "King Cotton"; sympathy of England and France; effect of the blockade (§ 212). — Slavery the chief cause of difference (see §§ 186–189, 203).

General. NORTHERN ACCOUNTS: John C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, Chs. vii, viii; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xxi; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. v; James Redpath, Echoes from Harper's Ferry, App.; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Ch. xiv; Albert B. Hart, Practical Essays, No. xi; S. G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution, Ch. v. — - SOUTHERN ACCOUNTS: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. iv, 301-311, 471-483, II, Pt. iv, 705– 717; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 446, 646 (Toombs's Lecture), II, 396; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, 49–53. — FOREIGN ACCOUNTS: James Spence, American Union, 248-314; William Chambers, American Slavery and Colour, Ch. xiv.

Special. NORTHERN ACCOUNTS: James F. Rhodes, History, III, Ch. xii; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, VII, Chs. vii, viii; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, III, Chs. i, ii; J. W. Draper,

§ 204.]

The Sections Compared.

403

American Civil War, I, Chs. xxvi, xix, II, Chs. xxxix, xli-xlv, III, Ch. xcv; T. S. Goodwin, Natural History of Secession; Richard Hildreth, Despotism in America; Century Co., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, I, 74-98; F. Phisterer, Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States; G. W. Williams, Negro Troops in the Rebellion. - SOUTHERN ACCOUNTS: J. D. B. De Bow, Industrial Resources of the Southern and Western States; R. L. Dabney, Defence of Virginia, Ch. viii; see also personal narratives in §§ 209, 210; James Williams, The South Vindicated, and Rise and Fall of the Model Republic.FOREIGN ACCOUNTS: Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War, I, 6, 16-29, 76-106, 172-217, 257-316; H. C. Fletcher, American War, I, Ch. iii; Adam Gurowski, America and Europe; J. E. Cairnes, The Slave Power; A. E. De Gasparin, Uprising of a Great People (Booth's translation); F. Laboulaye, Separation: War without end.

Sources. - DEBATES: Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess. (186061), passim, especially 624 (Winslow), 721 (Slidell), 134 (Lane), 13, 72 (Wigfall), 1467 (Breckinridge), 943 (De Jarnette). - DOCUMENTS: Eighth Census of the United States (1860), volume " Population"; Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Compendium, I, 4, 333; Senate Exec. Docs., 36 Cong. 2 sess. II (Army in 1860), III (Navy in 1860), VIII (importation by districts); 37 Cong. I sess. Nos. 1, 19, 85 (Secretary of War, July 1, 1861), No. 2 (Secretary of the Treasury); House Exec. Docs., 36 Cong. 2 sess. II (finances in 1860), IX, No. 53 (militia), X, No. 77 (banks); 37 Cong. I sess. No. 1 (treasury), No. 14 (Indians and Negroes); Senate Reports, 37 Cong. 2 sess. No. 2 (militia); House Reports, 37 Cong. I sess. No. 1 (volunteers); American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, passim, especially 26 (Army), 490 (Navy), 1863, pp. 268, 361 (draft). CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: W. T. Sherman, Memoirs, II, Ch. xxv; F. L. Olmsted, Cotton Kingdom (or Seaboard Slave States, and Back Country, and Texas Journey); H. R. Helper, The Impending Crisis; G. M. Weston, Progress of Slavery in the United States; Barbarossa," The Lost Principle (slave-trade); Augustin Cochin, Results of Slavery.

kr

Bibliography.-J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 737; E. C. Lunt, Key to the Publications of the United States Census (American Statistical Association, Publications, New Series, Nos. 2, 3); Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, p. 164; J. R. Bartlett, Literature of the Rebellion.

§ 205. Theory of Secession.

Summary.—Status of the states before 1789 (§§ 137, 142, 143, 149). — Ratifications of the Constitution (§§ 155, 156).— Threats of secession : 1795, Connecticut Courant; 1798, Virginia and Kentucky (§ 165); 1803, 1811, 1814, New England (§ 173); 1832, sentiment in South Carolina (§ 183); 1850, threats in the Compromise Debate (§ 197); 1856, meeting of the governors at Raleigh; 1860, threats in the presidential election (§ 203). Enunciations of secession: 1798–99, Virginia and Kentucky doctrine (§ 165); 1803, Tucker's Blackstone; 1811, January 14, Josiah Quincy's speech; 1832, South Carolina resolutions (§ 183); 1850, Calhoun's speech (§ 197); 1845, William Lloyd Garrison's doctrine (§ 187); 1860, May 24, Jefferson Davis's resolutions. — Status of the doctrine in 1860: question of constitutionality; question of expediency; question of probable effectiveness; legal effect of ordinances of secession (§ 206).

General. BRIEF LEGAL DISCUSSIONS (chiefly adverse): T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, Ch. ii, and Story's Commentaries, II, §§ 915-922; Joseph Story, Commentaries, §§ 178, 207-215, 311-322, 467-481; R. H. Dana, Wheaton's International Law, note 32; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 25-42, 120a; George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, §§ 58-71; Francis Wharton, Commentaries, 374n, 594n; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutional Law, Index, under title "State Rights"; John Ordronaux, Constitutional Legislation, 84-91, 111-175, 210; Bump, Notes on Constitutional Decisions, 327–333 ; Joel Tiffany, Treatise on Government, §§ 41-65; C. G. Tiedeman, Unwritten Constitution of the United States, Ch. ix; John King, Commentaries on the Constitution, Ch. xii; Timothy Farrar, Manual of the Constitution, 64, 71, III, 186, 386, 503; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, §§ 54, 90, 138–146; Timothy Walker, Introduction to American Law, 67–77. — BRIEF NARRATIVE DISCUSSIONS: John C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, 12-16; J. W. Draper, American Civil War, I, Chs. xxvii, xxviii; L. G. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, II, Ch. xix; H. C. Fletcher, History of the American War, I, Ch. i; Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War, I, 113-116; Alexander Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, I, 61, III, 693–702, 788-800, and in his American Orations, III, 49–67; N. S. Shaler, Kentucky; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. vi; Charles Ingersoll, Fears for Democracy, Ch. viii.