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$ 199.]

Fugitives and Kansas-Nebraska.

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1847, suggested by Leake and Cass (§ 196); 1850, not stated in the Compromise (§ 197); 1854, Douglas's new version. Nebraska bill: 1853, December, House bill; 1851-54, three forms of Douglas's bill; 1854, Pierce's attitude; January 16, Dixon amendment; January 19, "Appeal of the Independent Democrats "; March 2, Chase's amendment; March 3, passes Senate; May 20, passes House. Issues: question of previous repeal in 1850; demands of the South; extent of "squatter sovereignty"; principle of non-intervention. - Effects: Cuba impossible; Republican party formed (§ 201); Kansas struggle (§ 200); contest accelerated (§ 204).

General. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xix-xxi ; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xvii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Ch. xxiv; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 405–409; T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. xv; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Ch. x; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 667–670, III, 36, 281-284; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Ch. vi; L. W. Spring, Kansas, Chs. i, ii; William Chambers, American Slavery, 62–74; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Ch. lxxv; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 26-29; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. iv; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, 240–257.

Special. J. F. Rhodes, History since 1850, I, Ch. v; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, IV, Chs. iii-viii; V, Ch. i; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xxx, xxxv; Friedrich Kapp, Geschichte der Sklaverei, Ch. xii; James Schouler, History, V, Ch. xxi, Sect. i; George T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, II, Chs. iv-vi; Reverdy Johnson, Remarks on Popular Sovereignty. See also histories of Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado (§ 23), and biographies of Douglas, Chase, Seward, Hale, Sumner (§ 25).

Sources. DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 33 Cong. I sess. (see indexes on pp. xxi, lvii, App. p. vi); Senate Reports, 33 Cong. I sess. I, No. 15, II, 394; House Reports, 33 Cong. I sess. I, No. 80; House Exec. Docs., 33 Cong. 2 sess. X; American History Leaflets, Nos. 2, 17 (Reprints); Alexander Johnston, Representative American Orations, II, 183-255; Horace Greeley, Slavery Extension, Ch. xiv; Martin Van Buren, Political Parties, Ch. viii; [James Buchanan], Mr. Buchanan's Administration, Ch. ii; James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, 108-240; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner,

III, Ch. xxxviii; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. i, Ch. v; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, III, Ch. xiv; J. M. Cutts, Treatise on Party Questions, 91; John C. Calhoun, Works, IV, 339, 535; R. B Warden, Life of Salmon P. Chase; Robert Toombs, in A. H. Stephens's War between the States, I, 625; J. W. Schuckers, Life of Salmon P. Chase; Theodore Parker, Speeches, 297.

Bibliography. — W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 37, 39; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 145; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 670; III, 37, 284; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 162; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 64; notes to Von Holst and Rhodes.

§ 200. The Kansas Struggle, 1854-1861.

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Summary. Status of the territories: Kansas west of Missouri; scanty population; interest of Missouri. Emigration : 1854-55, Massachusetts and New England Emigrant Aid Societies; August, Lawrence founded; "Border Ruffians"; Southern emigrants; pro-slavery towns founded; instances of slaves; 1856, Buford's Company; John Brown. - Territorial government: 1854, October, Gov. Reeder (1); 1855, March, fraudulent election; July, Shawnee legislature, slave code; July, Gov. Shannon (2); 1856, Gov. Geary (3); 1857, November, Gov. Walker (4); 1858, Gov. Denver (5). — Free state movement: 1855, November, Topeka Convention; 1856, March, state officers; July 4, legislature dispersed by troops. Civil war : 1855, "Wakarusa War"; 1856, May, sack of Lawrence; John Brown's fights; August, "treaty of Lawrence"; 1859, Brown's aid to fugitives (§ 198). Lecompton Constitution: 1855-57, Republican majority in the House (§ 201); 1857, Buchanan president; November, Lecompton Convention; December, pretence of a popular vote; 1858, Douglas refuses to vote for it; April, English Bill"; August, Kansas refuses; November, LincolnDouglas debate (§ 203). - Admission as a free state: 1859, July, Wyandotte Convention; 1861, January 21, state admitted.

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General. Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, 224-251; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xxii-xxvi; II, Ch. i; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, Ch. xvi; J. E. Cairnes, Slave Power,

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Kansas Struggle.

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195-201; Friedrich Kapp, Geschichte der Sklaverei; George T. Curtis, James Buchanan, II, 197–210; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, 67–70; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, 119–123; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 664-666 ; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xxii-xxv.

Special.-H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, V, Chs. iii, v, vi, viii; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xxxv–xxxvii, xl-xlii; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, II, Colloquy xvii; James Schouler, History, V, Ch. xxi, Sect. ii, Ch. xxii, Sect. i; L. W. Spring, Kansas, Chs. iii-xii; James Redpath, Public Life of John Brown, 75228; J. N. Holloway, History of Kansas; Eli Thayer, Kansas Crusade ; Jameson, Constitutional Convention, §§ 211-216; Kansas Historical Collections, I, II (see § 31); D. W. Wilder, Annals of Kansas; J. H. Gihon, Geary and Kansas. - See state histories, § 23.

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Sources. DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 33 Cong. 2 sess., 34 Cong., 35 Cong. (see indexes under Kansas); House Exec. Docs., 34 and 35 Cong.; House Reports, 34 and 35 Cong. (see indexes), especially 34 Cong., I sess., II, No. 200 (special committee); Senate Exec. Docs., 34 and 35 Cong. (see indexes); Senate Reports, 34 and 35 Cong. (see indexes).—CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Charles Sumner, Works, IV; Wendell Phillips, Conquest of Kansas; F. B. Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, Chs. vii-xi; Sarah T. L. Robinson, Kansas: Its Exterior and Its Interior Life; T. H. Gladstone, Englishman in Kansas; contemporary newspapers, especially New York Tribune.

Bibliography.-W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 39, 43; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 146-149; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 296; II, 667; Notes to Von Holst and Rhodes.

§ 201. Rise of the Republican Party.

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Summary. Breaking up of the Whigs: 1850-52, "Finality Resolutions"; 1852, Scott's candidacy; 1852, Pierce elected president; Free-Soil vote reduced. The Know Nothings: 183544, "American Republican" movement; 1852, Native American organization; anti-foreign principles; anti-Catholic principles; 1854-55, great successes; 1855, June, split on slavery; 1857-60, slow absorption. Republican party formed: first use of the name; elements of membership; 1854, May 23, Anti-Nebraska

conference; January-November, organization; state successes; 1855, December, a majority in the House; 1856, February, Banks chosen speaker; investigation of Kansas (§ 200). — Election of 1856: Know Nothings divided; May 22, assault on Charles Sumner; June, Buchanan nominated; Frémont nominated by the Republicans; August, deadlock over Kansas; November, Buchanan elected. — Later policy: 1857, on Dred Scott decision (§ 202); on Lecompton Constitution (§ 200); losses in election of 1858; success in 1860 (§ 203).

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General. E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xix; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. xiii; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. xvii-xxi; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 416-420; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. iv; George W. Julian, Joshua R. Giddings, Ch. xi; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Chs. ix-xiii; R. McK. Ormsby, History of the Whig Party, Chs. xxviii-xxxi; J. A. Spencer, History, III, Book VII, Chs. viii, ix; William Chambers, American Slavery, 95–114; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, III, 597–598.

Special.-J. F. Rhodes, History, II, Chs. vii, viii; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, V, Chs. iii, iv, v, vii, ix, VI, Chs. ii-vii; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xviii-xxi; Alex. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, Colloquy xvii; George T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, II, Chs. vi, viii-xi; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xxxi, xxxii, xxxv, xxxviii; James Schouler, History, V, Ch. xxi, Sect. ii, Ch. xxii, Sect. i; William Birney, James G. Birney and His Times, Chs. xxviii, xxix; A. G. Riddle, Benjamin F. Wade; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, Chs. vi, vii; O. A. Brownson, Essays and Reviews.

Sources. DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 34 and 35 Cong. (1855-59) (indexes, especially under names of J. P. Hale, B. F. Wade, John Sherman, Charles Sumner, W. H. Seward, etc.). - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, III, Chs. xxxix, xl; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, III, Chs. xvi-xviii; James S. Pike, First Blows, 260-420; Alexander Johnston, American Orations, II, 256-314; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, John J. Crittenden, II, Chs. vi-x; [James Buchanan], Mr. Buchanan's Administration; Edward Quincy, Josiah Quincy, Ch. xx; Charles Sumner, Works; George W. Curtis, Works; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, Chs. xxxvi-xliv; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, Ch. ix; W. H. Seward, Works; R. B. Warden, S. P. Chase, Chs. xxiii, xxiv.

§ 202.]

Republicans and Dred Scott.

399

Bibliography.-W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 38; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 67, 87; II, 788; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 150, 151, 153, 155; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 163-165; Notes to Von Holst and Rhodes.

§ 202. Dred Scott Decision and John Brown's Raid.

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Summary. Status of the Supreme Court: early decisions (§ 175); changes under Jackson (§ 185); desire to settle the controversy; 1857, March 4, Buchanan's announcement. - The Dred Scott case; 1834-38, Scott taken to Illinois and the Indian country; 1847-53, Scott's three suits against his owner; 1856, suit before the Supreme Court; 1857, March 10, decision. — Principles of the Dred Scott decision: negro citizenship denied ; effect of residence in free territory; constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise denied. — Effect of the decision: popular sovereignty denied (§ 196); Douglas in bad favor (§ 203); 1858, Lincoln's disavowal (§ 203); 1862, decision ignored by Congress (§ 214). — John Brown's raid: John Brown in Kansas (§ 200); his character; early plans for inciting a slave insurrection; support in New England; 1859, October, capture of Harper's Ferry; October-December, trial and execution; Republican disavowals effect on the South.

General.

- Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. xviii, xx; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 424-432; J. J Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 838-841; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, 70-74; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, 227.

Special. On DRED SCOTT CASE: J. F. Rhodes, History, II, 242– 277; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, VI, Ch. i; Samuel Tyler, Memoir of R. B. Taney, 359-438; Thomas H. Benton, Historical and Legal Examination; S. A. Foot, Examination of the Case of Dred Scott; Gray and Lowell, Legal Review of the Case of Dred Scott; Joel Parker, Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery in the Territories; J. C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, §§ 489-539; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, II, Chs. iv, v; H. L. Carson, Supreme Court, II, Ch. xv; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Ch. xxxix; Martin Van Buren, Inquiry into Political Parties, Ch. viii. — On JOHN BROWN: James Redpath, The Public Life of Captain John Brown, 229-407;

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