XXII. THE SLAVERY CRISIS.

§ 196. The Territorial Crisis, 1846-1849.

Summary. Wilmot proviso: 1846, August 8, fails in Senate; 1847, February 13, added to the "three million bill"; advocated by Northern legislatures; 1847, December, Robert C. Winthrop chosen Speaker; 1848, February 28, tabled by the House. Abolition activity; Giddings in the House (§ 188); John P. Hale in the Senate; 1848, resolution against slave trade in the District of Columbia; 1849, Abraham Lincoln's emancipation bill; fugitive-slave cases (§ 198). Election of 1848: Barnburner" split in New York; May, Cass nominated; June, Taylor nominated; August, Van Buren nominated by Free Soilers; November, Taylor chosen. 1848-49, theories of control of the territories (1) complete power of Congress; (2) "popular sovereignty"; (3) application of the constitution; (4) decision by the Supreme Court. Specific questions: Specific questions: Oregon, New Mexico, California, Texan claims; deadlock between Taylor and Whigs. California organizes itself: 1848, January, gold discovered; 1849, "Forty-niners"; September, constitutional convention (anti-slavery); December, provisional state government. General. Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xiv; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Chs. viii, ix; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. xiv; Henry Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. xii; J. C. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xiii-xviii; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xvii; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, Ch. iv; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 1114-1118; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Ch. vi; George W. Julian, Joshua R. Giddings, Chs. viii, ix; Andrew Young, American Statesman, Chs. lxx, lxxi.

Special. H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, III, Chs. xi-xiv ; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, Ch. xxv; William Jay, Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery, 491–620; H. H. Bancroft, Works, XXIII (California, VI); and Pacific States, XI, and Texas, II, and Arizona and New

§ 197.]

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Mexico; James Schouler, History, V, Ch. xviii, Sect. iii; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, II, Chs. xxxiii-xxxv; Theodore H. Hittell, California, II, 682-790; R. D. Hunt, Genesis of California's First Constitution (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, XIII, No. 8); Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, II, Colloquy xiv; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. ii-xvii; John C. Hurd, Freedom and Bondage, I, Ch. xvi; Josiah Royce, California; Mary P. Follett, The Speaker, §§ 34, 51.

Sources. - DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 29 Cong., 30 Cong. (1845-49); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XVI; Congressional Documents, 29 Cong., 30 Cong., especially Senate Documents, 29 Cong. I sess. III, No. 25; [House] Exec. Docs., 30 Cong. I sess. VIII, No. 70, 30 Cong. 2 sess. I, No. 1. - CONTEMPORARY NEWSPAPERS, especially National Era (Washington), New York Tribune, New York Times, New York Evening Post, Liberator. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John C. Calhoun, Works, IV, 303-541; T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, Chs. clxvi-clxxxii; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, III, Ch. xxxiii; Horace Greeley, Slavery Extension, Chs. xi, xii; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, Ch. vii; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, John J. Crittenden, Chs. xxi, xxiv-xxviii.

Bibliography.-W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 33; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 1118; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 139; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, §§ 62, 63.

Summary.

§ 197. Compromise of 1850.

The administration: 1849, March 5, President Taylor; 1850, July 20, President Fillmore; influence of Clay, Webster, Calhoun. The issue : demands of the South; demands of the North; attempt to settle by separate bills. — Compromise proposed: 1849-50, speakership contest, 1850; January 29, Clay's plan and speech; Jefferson Davis's speech; March 4, Calhoun's speech; March 7, Webster's speech; March 11, Seward's speech; February 4, the House yields; May 8, the " Omnibus Bill "; Taylor holds out. Compromise accepted: 1850, July 19, death of Taylor; (1) August 9, Texas bill; (2) August 15, New Mexico bill; (3) September 7, California bill; (4) September 9, Utah bill; (5) September 12, fugitive-slave bill; (6) September 14, Dis

trict of Columbia slave-trade bill. Compromise discussed : Southern friends; Northern friends; " question of sentiment” and “question of principle". — Question of danger to the Union: Calhoun's attitude; Southern legislatures; 1850, Nashville convention ; threats in the debate; Northern apprehensions.

General. — H. Von Holst, John C. Calhoun, Ch. ix; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Chs. viii, ix; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xv; George T. Curtis, James Buchanan, II, Ch. i; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, Ch. v; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, Ch. xv; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Chs. vii, viii; Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xviii; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xiii-xviii; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. xiii; J. A. Spencer, History, III, Book VII, Ch. vii; Samuel Eliot, Manual, Pt. iv, Ch. ix ; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Ch. xxiii.

Special. - J. F. Rhodes, History, I, Chs. ii, iii; John C. Hurd, Freedom and Bondage, I, Ch. xvi; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, III, Chs. xv, xvi; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, II, Chs. xxxvi, xxxvii; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, Ch. ix; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, II, Colloquies, xv, xvi; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, Ch. xxvi; James Schouler, History, V, Chs. xix, xx; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xviii-xxiv; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, §§ 29-32. Lives of Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Jefferson Davis, Seward, Chase (see § 25).

Sources. - DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. I sess.; T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XVI; Senate Documents, 31 Cong. I sess. IX, No. 18, XIII, Nos. 55, 56, 60, XIV, Nos. 67, 74, 76; Senate Miscellaneous, 31 Cong. I sess. (resolutions of state legislatures, etc.); Senate Reports, 31 Cong. I sess. I, No. 123; [House] Exec. Docs., 31 Cong. I sess. Pt. 1, Vol. III, No. 5, Vol. V, No. 17, Vol. VII, No. 39. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, Chs. clxxxiii-cxcvii; John C. Calhoun, Works, IV, 542-577; Henry Clay, Private Correspondence, Chs. xiii, xiv; Daniel Webster, Works, V, 302-438; Henry Clay, Works, II (VI), 601634; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Chs. ii, iii; James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, 1-120; Horace Greeley, Slavery Extension, Ch. XIII; Alexander Johnston, American Orations, II, 46– 134; E. D. Keyes, Fifty Years' Observation, Ch. xiii; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, III, Chs. xxxiv, xxxv; Charles Sumner, Speeches, III; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, Ch. viii; Peter Harvey,

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Reminiscences of Webster; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, Chs. xxvii-xxx; U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I, Chs. xiv, xv; G. W. Julian, Political Recollections; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Appendix B.

Bibliography. — W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 34–38; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 554; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 137-143; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Part ii, 159–161.

Summary.

§ 198. Fugitive Slaves, 1850-1860.

Legal status of runaway slaves: causes (§ 186); in slave states (§ 182); in free states (§ 182); in territories (§ 196); in foreign countries (§ 196). — National action: act of 1793 (§ 161); negotiations of 1825 (§ 129); act of 1850 (§ 197); question of constitutionality. Personal liberty acts: state statutes before 1850; statutes from 1850 to 1854; statutes after 1854; Southern complaints. "Underground Railroad": southern termini; colored agents; white agents; crossing to Canada ; prosecutions; "the Higher Law"; number aided. Famous cases before 1850 (§§ 189, 196); 1850, Hamlet; 1851, Shadrach rescue, Sims, Christiana (Castner Hanway trial), Jerry McHenry rescue; 1854, Burns; 1855, Passmore Williamson; 1856, Garner; 1858, Oberlin-Wellington rescue ; 1858, John Brown in Kansas (§ 200). — 1855-59, Wisconsin decision

(Ableman vs. Booth); 1861, "Contrabands" (§ 214).

General. - Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xvi; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 389-401; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 315-317, III, 162, 163; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, 44-53; J. Schouler, History, V, Ch. xx.

Special. J. F. Rhodes, History since 1850, I, 192–227, 294; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. v-viii, xxv-xxviii, xxxiii, xxxiv; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Chs. iii-vi; W. H. Siebert, Light on the Underground Railroad (American Historical Review, I, 455-63); H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, IV, Ch. i; T. R. R. Cobb, Inquiry into the Laws of Slavery, Chs. vii-xi; William Still, The Underground Railroad; S. G. Howe, Refugees from Slavery in Canada; A. Wilcox, Powers of the Federal Government over Slavery; Joel Parker, Personal Liberty Laws; J. C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and

Bondage; R. C. Hurd, Treatise on Personal Liberty and Habeas Corpus; Charles Francis Adams, Richard H. Dana, II; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, Chs. x, xi; J. W. Schuckers, Salmon P. Chase, Chs. ix, xv, xxi; R. B. Warden, Salmon P. Chase, Chs. xx, xxi. - See biographies of anti-slavery men in §§ 25, 187.

Sources. - DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 2 sess., 32 Cong., 33 Cong.; especially 31 Cong. 2 sess. App. pp. 292-326, 33 Cong. I sess. 1472, 1513-1518, 1552-1559; contemporary newspapers, especially the Liberator. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Frederick Douglass, Life and Times, II, Chs. i, vii, ix, and My Bondage and Freedom ; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, III, Ch. x James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, 241-260; Levi Woodbury, Writings, I, 533; II, 345-367; Benjamin Drew, The Refugee; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, Life of John J. Crittenden, I, Ch. xxv; Samuel J. May, Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict; Levi Coffin, Reminiscences; Stevens, History of Anthony Burns; Parker Pillsbury, Acts of the Anti-Slavery Apostles; W. G. Eliot, Story of Archer Alexander; Charles Stearns, Narrative of Henry Box Brown; W. G. Hawkins, Lunsford Lane; Narrative of Solomon Northrup. CASES: Prigg vs. Pennsylvania, 16 Peters, 539; Ableman vs. Booth, 21 Howard, 506; Kentucky vs. Denison, 24 Howard, 66; United States vs. Castner Hanway, 2 Wallace, Jr.; Trial of Castner Hanway, by a Member of the Philadelphia Bar. See §§ 187, 188.

Bibliography. Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, footnotes and App. E; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 317; III, 163; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 144; W. H. Siebert, Underground Railroad (in preparation, 1896).

§ 199. Cuba and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854.

Summary.—Cuba: 1807, Jefferson suggests annexation; 1814-22, revolt of the Spanish colonies (§ 178); 1826, Panama Congress (§ 179); 1849-51, filibustering expeditions; 1850, Taylor's proclamation; 1850, Clayton-Bulwer Treaty; 1854, Black Warrior episode; 1854, October 18, "Ostend Manifesto." Western territory: 1820, left without organization (§ 177); 1834, "Indian Country"; 1836, corner added to Missouri; 185153, bills for organizing as a territory. — " Popular Sovereignty":