§ 193.]

Boundary Controversies.

385

223, 245, 27 Cong. 3 sess. III, IV, VII, No. 134; Massachusetts, Docu ments relating to the Northeastern Boundary; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, I, 91-99; III, 89, 97, 162, 700-734; VI, 643, 676.-ENGLISH STATEMENTS: Remarks upon the Disputed Points (1838); Parliamentary Blue Books (Accounts and Papers), 1837-38, XXXIX, North American Boundary; 1840, XXXII, North American Boundary, 1845, LII, North American Boundary. — NORTHWESTERN QUESTION: Senate Executive Documents, 35 Cong. I sess. No. 29; House Executive Documents, 42 Cong. 3 sess. V; Parliamentary Blue Books, 1846, LII, Oregon Territory; 1873, LXXIV, North West Water Boundary.

Bibliography. - Justin Winsor, America, VII, 172-182, 525, 555, 562; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 1048; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 31, 34; Magazine of Western History, September, 1885, p. 423; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 131, 135, 136. — See also indexes to public documents (§ 16).

MAPS Albert Gallatin, Right of the United States to the Northeast Boundary, Senate Documents, 25 Cong. 2 sess. VI, No. 502; Parliamentary Blue Book, 1843, LXI, 170; Dominion Atlas, Plates 28, 42, 48, 50; Epoch Maps, No. 11; reprints in Winsor, America, VII, 172– 183; Mitchel's Map (1705).

§ 193. Annexation of Texas, 1836-1846.

Summary. Territorial history: French claim; Spanish claim; Louisiana cession (§ 168); 1819, treaty with Spain (§ 176); 182529, attempts to purchase; 1832, confirmatory treaty with Mexico.

Independence: 1827, Texas united with Coahuila; 1829, slavery abolished in Mexico; 1836, March, Lone Star republic; Mexico protests; Texas asks admission into the Union; 1837, Texas recognized. Agitation for annexation: reasons; 1838, resolutions; 1842, October, occupation of Monterey; 1843, March, Adams's address of warning. Annexation treaty. 1843, October, proposed to Texas; 1844, promise of military aid; March 29, Calhoun secretary of state; Pakenham correspondence on England's position; April 12, treaty signed; June 8, treaty rejected; June 10, Benton's bill. Election of 1844: Tyler's hopes; Liberty party; Oregon question (§ 192); annexation questions; Clay committed; Van Buren set aside. · - Annexation

resolution 1844, December, Tyler plan; 1845, March 1, joint resolution passes; March 3, Tyler offers annexation; December 3, annexation act. - Effect on Mexico (§ 194).

General. J. F. Rhodes, History, I, 75-87; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Ch. xxii; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 367–371; James Schouler, History, IV, Ch. xvii, Sect. ii; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Ch. xiii ; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, Ch. xxiv; II, Chs. xxx-xxxii ; Edward M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren, Ch. xi; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. xiii; H. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Ch. vii; R. McK. Ormsby, Whig Party, Ch. xxvii; R. S. Ripley, War with Mexico, I, Ch. i; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xvi; George W. Julian, Joshua R. Giddings, Chs. vi, vii; James C. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, Ch. ii; Samuel Eliot, Manual, Pt. iv, Ch. vii; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. lvii, lxiv-lxvi; William Chambers, American Slavery, 47-61.

Special. H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 513-714, and John C. Calhoun, Ch. viii; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, II, Chs. xxiv, xxv; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, I, Chs. xlii-xlv; J. Winsor, America, VII, 550-553; H. H. Bancroft, Texas, and Mexico, V, Ch. vii; C. E. Lester, Houston and His Republic; P. K. Bruce, General Houston; William Jay, Review of the Mexican War; L. G. Tyler, Tylers, II, 250-364; Calvin Colton, Henry Clay, II, Chs. xviii, xix, III, Chs. i, ii ; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, III, Ch. v; Josiah Quincy, J. Q. Adams, Chs. xiii, xiv; A. M. Williams, Sam Houston, Chs. i-xv; George T. Curtis, James Buchanan, I, Chs. xvii, xix; H. Yoakum, History of Texas. - See § 23.

Sources. - DEBATES: Register of Debates, XII-XIV (1835-37); Congressional Globe, 27 Cong., 28 Cong. (1841-45); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XIV, XV; contemporary newspapers. DOCUMENTS: Appendices to Register of Debates, XIV, 176–250; Congressional Documents, especially Senate Documents and House Executive Documents, 24 Cong. 2 sess., 28 Cong. I sess., 28 Cong. 2 sess., 29 Cong. I sess. No. 2; Niles, Register. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, XI, XII; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, Chs. cxliv, cxlv, II, Chs. xxiv, cxxxv-cxlii, cxlviii; John C. Calhoun, Works, IV, V; Henry Clay, Private Correspondence, Chs. xi, xii; Daniel Webster, Works, I, Ch. ix, II, 422–462; Levi Woodbury, Writings, I, 355-421; Horace Greeley, History of the Struggle for

--

§ 194-]

Annexation of Texas.

387

Slavery Extension, Ch. x ; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, Ch. xxiv; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, Ch. vi; David Crockett, Life and Adventures; H. S. Foote, Texas and the Texans; W. Kennedy, Rise and Prospects of Texas; W. C. Crane, Life and Select Literary Remains of Sam. Houston.

Bibliography. Justin Winsor, America, VII, 550-552; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 30 ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 99; II, 289; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 132, 133; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 51.

§ 194. The Mexican War, 1846-1848.

Summary. Causes: 1826-44, claims; 1836-44, encouragement to Texas; 1845, annexation of Texas (§ 193); 1846, boundaries; 1846, designs on California; extension of slave-territory.

Outbreak: 1845, July, Taylor's advance to Corpus Christi; September to December, Slidell mission; 1846, January, Taylor ordered forward; March, Slidell not recognized; Polk determines on war; Oregon question settled (§ 192); May 11, Polk's war message; May 13, war declared. Campaigns: 1846-47, Taylor's northern campaign; 1846-47, California taken; 1846, New Mexico taken; March, August, Scott's central campaign; August 27, City of Mexico taken. — Treaty of peace: 1846, March, "Two million bill"; 1848, February 2, treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo (Texas, California, New Mexico, indemnity to Mexico).— 1853, Gadsden purchase.

-

General. - Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, II, Ch. xxv; H. Von Holst, John C. Calhoun, Ch. ix ; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 371– 385; J. Winsor, America, VII, 408-412, 505-507; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Ch. iv; Samuel Eliot, Manual, Pt. iv, Ch. viii; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. lxvi, lxvii; J. A. Spencer, History, III, Book VII, Chs. v, vi.

Special. William Jay, Mexican War; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, III, Chs. iii-xii; R. S. Ripley, War with Mexico; Comte de Paris, Civil War, I, 30-58; James Schouler, History, IV, V, Ch. xviii; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. ii, iii; H. H. Bancroft, Pacific States, VIII (Mexico, V); Theodore H. Hittell, History

of California, II, 435-468, 569-681; Calvin Colton, Henry Clay, III, Ch. iii; George T. Curtis, James Buchanan, I, Chs. xx-xxii.

Sources. DEBATES: Congressional Globe, 29 Cong., 30 Cong. (1845-49); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XV, XVI; contemporary newspapers. DOCUMENTS: Congressional Documents, especially Senate Documents, 29 Cong. I sess., 29 Cong. 2 sess. III, No. 107, 30 Cong. I sess. VII, Nos. 52, 60; House Executive Docs., 29 Cong. I sess. VI, No. 196, 29 Cong. 2 sess. III, No. 19, 30 Cong. I sess. II, No. 8, VIII, No. 69; Treaties and Conventions. — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS John C. Calhoun, Works, IV; Daniel Webster, Works, V, 151, 253-301; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, III, Ch. xxxii; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, Chs. cxlix, clxi; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, XII; U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I, Chs. iii-xiii; Chapman Coleman, John J. Crittenden, Chs. xix-xxii; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, Ch. xxv; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, Ch. vii.

Bibliography. — E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 134; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 157.

§ 195. Financial and Commercial Questions, 1845–1849.

Summary. Financial conditions in 1845: revenue; currency; banks; tariff; commercial prosperity. Treasury: 1846, August 6, independent treasury (§ 181) revived. - Tariff: 1845, December 3, Walker's report; specific and ad valorem duties; question of revenue; 1846, July 31, act passed; August 6, warehouse act. Internal improvements: earlier status (§ 174); 1829-37, Jackson's opposition; 1837-45, poverty of the Treasury; 1829-45, Jackson's and Tyler's vetoes; 1846-47, Polk's vetoes; 1847, December 21, House resolutions affirming the right.—State finances: debts and repudiations ; canals; railroads ; state banks; 1844, anti-rent agitation in New York.

General. A. W. Young, American Statesman, Ch. lxix; James Schouler, History, III, IV, passim; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 529-535, III, 277-280.

Special. Calvin Colton, Henry Clay, III, Ch. xi; Chapman Coleman, John J. Crittenden, 2 vols. (in one), I, Ch. xix; W. G. Sumner,

$ 195.]

Mexican War and Finance.

389

History of Banking, and American Currency, I, 161-169; John Jay Knox, United States Notes, Chs. vi, vii ; J. L. Bishop, American Manufactures, II, 381-482; A. S. Bolles, Financial History, II, 434-466; J. D. Goss, Tariff Administration; Edward Young, Special Report on Customs-Tariff Legislation (House Exec. Docs., 42 Cong. 2 sess. No. 109), pp. xciii-cxiv; W. M. Grosvenor, Does Protection Protect?; David Kinley, Independent Treasury System; William A. Scott, Repudiation of State Debts.

Sources. - DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 29 Cong., 30 Cong. (1845-49); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XV, XVI; DeBow's Review; Congressional Documents, especially Senate Documents, 29 Cong. I sess. II, Nos. 2, 6, III, No. 5, VIII, No. 437, IX, No. 444, 29 Cong. 2 sess. I, No. 2, III, No. 105; [House Exec.] Docs., 29 Cong. I sess. No. 5, 29 Cong. 2 sess. III, No. 25; Niles, Register, LXIX, 233; F. W. Taussig, State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, 214 (Walker's Report). — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John C. Calhoun, Works, IV; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, XII; Daniel Webster, Works, V, 161-252; Amos Kendall, Autobiography, Chs. xv, xvi; John McGregor, Progress of America; B. R. Curtis, Works, II, 93.

Bibliography. [F. W. Taussig], Topics and References, Nos. xvii, xviii; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 571.