Slave

Canada; slave-trade regulations; 1841, Quintuple treaty. vessel cases: 1830, Comet ; 1834, Encomium and Enterprise ; 1839, L'Amistad; 1840, British indemnity; 1841, Creole.

General. T. R. R. Cobb, Historical Sketch of Slavery. Ch. x ; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xiii; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 340-349; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Ch. lix; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia I, 87, 709; Lawrence's Wheaton, Note 42; E. Schuyler, American Diplomacy, 234–264.

Special. — H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 312–329; John C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, Chs. ii, vii-xiii; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, II, xxiv; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, II, Colloquy xiv; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, I, Chs. xxviii, xxx-xxxv, xli; William Jay, Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery, 207363; George W. Julian, Joshua R. Giddings, Chs. iv-vi; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Ch. ii; W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the African Slave Trade, Chs. ix-xi; H. C. Carey, The Slave Trade; Francis Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 181, 182, 194.

Sources. DEBATES: Register of Debates, XII-XIV (1835-37); Congressional Globe (especially 1835-37, 1841-43, 1847-50, 1859–60). – DOCUMENTS: Appendices to Register of Debates; Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, §§ 327, 350; Congressional Documents, especially Senate Docs., 27 Cong. 3 sess. I; House Exec. Docs., 27 Cong. 2 sess. II, No. 116; V, No. 242; 28 Cong. I sess. IV, No. 83; Senate Reports, 35 Cong. I sess. III, No. 36; Niles, Register; contemporary newspapers (§ 27); Opinions of the AttorneysGeneral, I, 659; II, 426. — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, VIII-X; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, xlix, xcviii; John C. Calhoun, Works, III-V; Daniel Webster, Works, VI, 290, 303-318, 391-405; Levi Woodbury, Writings, II, 400– 413; William Still, The Underground Railroad.

Bibliography. - Justin Winsor, America, VII, 494; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 88, 710; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 129131; W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the Slave Trade, Appendix C ; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Appendix D.

$ 190.

International and Interstate.

381

§ 190. Van Buren's Administration.

:

Summary. Election of 1836: no Whig nomination; Jackson's influence. Parties: Whig opposition; 1839, November, Jersey contested elections. Foreign policy: 1836, question of Texas; 1837, Carolina affair. Finances 1837, panic; 1837, October, "deposit act" suspended (§ 185); 1839, second crisis; 1840, independent treasury established; 1841, August 17, repealed; 1846, reëstablished (§ 195). Slavery questions (§§ 187-189).State finances internal improvements; repudiations.

:

General. Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, II, Chs. xix, xx; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Chs. xiv, xv; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. viii; H. Von Holst, John C. Calhoun, Ch. vii; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Chs. ix, x; Alden Bradford, Federal Government, Ch. xv; R. McK. Ormsby, Whig Party, Ch. xxv ; J. A. Spencer, United States, III, Book VII, Ch. iii; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. lvlvi; R. H. Gillet, Democracy, §§ 81, 82; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 493-496.

Special. Edward M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren, Chs. viii-x; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 146-177, 194-217; James Schouler, History, IV, Ch. xv; George Tucker, History, IV, Chs. xxx, xxxi; W. G. Sumner, American Currency, 131–161; R. Hildreth, Banks, Banking, and Paper Currency, Chs. xxii-xxv; George T. Curtis, James Buchanan, I, Chs. xiii-xv; W. L. Mackenzie, Martin Van Buren; Jabez D. Hammond, Political Parties in New York, II, Chs. xl, xli.

Sources.-DEbates and DocUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 25 Cong., 26 Cong. (1837-41); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XIII, XIV; Congressional Documents (Indexes, § 16e): Niles, Register, LI-LVIII; contemporary newspapers (§ 27); Williams, Statesman's Manual, III. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, IX, X; Martin Van Buren, Inquiry into Political Parties, Ch. ix; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, Chs. i-lix; John C. Calhoun, Works, III; Henry Clay, Works, II (VI) and Private Correspondence, Chs. x, xi; D. Mallory, Life and Speeches of Henry Clay, II; Daniel Webster, Works, V, 3-54; Levi Woodbury, Writings, I, 126–211, 425-453; Ben. Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, Chs. xiv, xvi; Nathan Sargent,

Public Men and Events, II, Ch. v; Amos Kendall, Autobiography; James A. Hamilton, Reminiscences, Ch. viii.

Bibliography.

11

- W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 26, 27; Justin Winsor, Anerica, VII, 352, 353; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 116, 117; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 155; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 496.

§ 191. The Whigs and Tyler, 1840-1844.

Summary. Election of 1840: Van Buren; "Tippecanoe and Tyler too." 1841, Harrison administration; 1841, April 4, death. 1841, Breach with the Whigs; Clay's schemes; August 17, sub-treasury repeal (§ 190); August 16, "Fiscal Bank" veto; September 9, Fiscal Corporation veto; resignation of the Cabinet; Webster remains. Tyler's policy; Cabinet changes: 1843, Webster retires. Tariff of 1842; 1833-41, effect of the Compromise of 1833 (§ 183); lack of revenue; 1841, temporary tariff; 1842, June, first tariff veto; August, second veto; August 20, tariff act passed; effect (§ 195). — Slavery questions (§§ 187189). Foreign affairs (§ 192). State questions: 1842, Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island; 1839-46, anti-rent agitation in New York.

General.-S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, Ch. xiv; J. Winsor, America, VII, 290-294; T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. xi; R. McK. Ormsby, Whig Party, Ch. xxvi; J. A. Spencer, United States, III, Book VII, Ch. iv; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. lviii, lx, lxi, lxiii; R. H. Gillet, Democracy in the United States, pp. 83-90; Geo. T. Curtis, James Buchanan I, Ch. xvi; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia I, 203, 776; III, 1105.

Special. H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Chs. viii-xii; Lyon G. Tyler, Tylers, I, Ch. xx; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, II, Chs. xxii, xxiii; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, II, Chs. xxvi, xxvii; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, Chs. v, vi; James Schouler, History, IV, Chs. xvi, xvii; Calvin Colton, Henry Clay, II, Chs. xiv-xvi; Jenkins, Silas Wright, 179-226; D. King, Thomas W. Dorr; E. R. Potter, Considerations on Questions on Rhode Island; E. P. Cheyney, Anti-Rent Agitation in New York; Jay Gould, History of Delaware County.

§ 192.]

Whigs and Tyler.

383

Sources. - DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 26-28 Cong. (1836-45); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XIV, XV; Congressional Documents, especially Senate Documents, 27 Cong. I sess.; Niles, Register; Case of Luther vs. Borden. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Daniel Webster, Works, II, VI, 247-269; Henry Clay, Works, II (VI), and Private Correspondence, Ch. xi; D. Mallory, Henry Clay, II., 384-436, 482-562; John C. Calhoun, Works, III, IV; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, Chs. lviii-cxxxiv; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, X, XI; Levi Woodbury, Writings, I, 212–353; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, John J. Crittenden, Chs. xii-xvii; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, Chs. xvii-xxiii; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, Chs. v, vi; Peter Harvey, Reminiscences of Webster, 160-163.

Bibliography. - Justin Winsor, America, VII, 353-355; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 28-31; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 125-128; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 156; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 835.

§ 192. Northeastern and Northwestern Boundaries,

1783-1846.

Summary. Northern boundary: 1783, in the treaty (§ 141); Northwest angle"; "St. Croix"; "Source"; 'Highlands"; 1794, in the Jay treaty (§ 162); 1798, St. Croix established; 1814, boundary in the treaty (§ 173); 1818, boundary west of the Lake of the Woods; 1813, lower lake boundary completed; 182731, arbitration by the King of the Netherlands; 1838-39, hostile attitude on the border. Ashburton treaty: 1842, special British mission; Webster negotiations (§ 191); November 10, treaty proclaimed; slave-trade; extradition; impressment; "battle of the maps.” — Oregon controversy: claims to Oregon (§ 168); 1818, joint occupation; 1829, Spanish claims extinguished; 1824, Russian claims extinguished; 1832, Willamette settlement; 1842, question in Ashburton negotiation; 1843, overland emigration ; 1844, "fifty-four forty or fight" (§ 193); 1845, arbitration declined; 1846, treaty negotiated; connection with Mexican war (§ 194).

General. — S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 77–90, 364–366; Justin Winsor, America, VII, 510, 511, 550-561; H. C. Lodge, Daniel

Webster, Ch. viii; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. xii; A. W. Young, American Statesmen, Chs. lxiii, lxviii; J. Donaldson, Public Domain, 3-10; Henry Gannett, Boundaries of the United States, 10, 19, 128; Schuyler, American Diplomacy, 292-304; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 1045–1048.

Special. NORTHEASTERN: Albert Gallatin, Right of the United States of America to the North Eastern Boundary; J. Winsor, America, VII, 553–562; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, III, Ch. ii, vi; W. P. Preble, Decision of the King of the Netherlands; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, II, Chs. xxviii, xxix, xxxii, and James Buchanan, I, Ch. XX; L. G. Tyler, Tylers, II, Ch. xv; Scribner's Statistical Atlas of the United States; J. C. Dent, Last Forty Years of Canada; Sir Francis Hincks, The Boundaries formerly in Dispute; Israel Washburn, The Northern Boundary; A. Stuart, Succinct Account; Histories of Maine (§ 23). — NORTHWESTERN : H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, III, Ch. ii; William Barrows, Oregon, Chs. ix, xxi–xxiii, xxvii– xxx; H. H. Bancroft, Oregon, I, II, and Northwest Coast, I, II, and British Columbia, and Washington, Idaho, and Montana; R. Greenhow, Oregon and California; Wyndham Robertson, Oregon, Right and Title; W. H. Gray, History of Oregon; Travers Twiss, The Oregon Territory; Thomas Falconer, Oregon Question; Wm. Sturgis, The Oregon Question. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Daniel Webster, Works, II, 141– 154; V, 60-150; V, 270-390, and Private Correspondence, II, 148; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, Chs. ci-civ, cxliii; John C. Calhoun Works, IV, V; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, XII; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, Ch. vii; Lewis and Clark, Travels (1809), and Expedition to the Pacific (Coues's ed., 1893); John A. Dix, Speeches and Addresses, I; Rufus Choate, Works, II; Histories of Oregon (§ 23).

Sources. DEBATES: Annals of Congress, 1817-1823; Register of Debates, IV, V (1827-1829); Congressional Globe, especially 26, 27, 28 Congs. (1839-1843, 1845-1847); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XV. - DOCUMENTS: Appendices to Annals of Congress, and Register of Debates. CONGRESSIONAL DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, VIII; Northeastern Treaties and Controversies; Niles, Register, LXIV-LXVI; Statesman's Manual; Senate Documents, 20 Cong. I sess. No. 171, 25 Cong. 2 sess. VI, 502, 26 Cong. I sess. Nos. 107, 174, 382, 26 Cong. 2 sess. No. 237, 27 Cong. 2 sess. No. 84, 27 Cong. 2 sess. II, IV, 27 Cong. 3 sess. No. 2, 29 Cong. I sess. No. 274, 44 Cong. I sess. No. 41; House Executive Documents, 26 Cong. I sess. III, Nos. 189,