XXI. SLAVERY AND TEXAS.

§ 186. Negro Slavery from 1830 to 1860.

Summary.

The masters large slaveholders; small slaveholders; non-slaveholders; poor whites; immigrant laborers. The negro races; physical, intellectual, religious; character; associations with whites. Free negroes: status in the North; status in the South; political and social discriminations. Slave life appearance; clothing; houses; food; cost of maintenance; families; recreations; old age; sickness and death; slave codes; slaves at work; variety of employment; hiring out; supervision; tasks; punishments; privileges. -Sale: private; auction; hardships; for jail fees; market value. — Freedom: laws regulating ; for services; by will; buying freedom. - Fugitives (§§ 189, 198). - Trade (see § 189). · Insurrections: colonial (§ 148); 1800, Gabriel's; 1822, Denmark Vesey's; 1831, Nat Turner's; 1859, John Brown (§ 202); terror produced by fear of insurrections.

General. Comte de Paris, Civil War, I, 76-89; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Chs. xvi, xxv; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Ch. i; A. G. de Gurowski, America and Europe, Ch. v; Sidney G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution, Ch. iv; Friedrich Kapp, Die Sklavenfrage in den Vereinigten Staaten; James Spence, American Union, Ch. iv; R. McK. Ormsby, Whig Party, Chs. xv, xvi; J. F. Scharf, Maryland, III, Ch. xli. — See also pp. 204, 214.

Special. J. F. Rhodes, History of the United States, I, Ch. iv; Samuel Seabury, American Slavery Justified; William Jay, Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery, 7-206, 371-395; William Goodell, American Slave Code; Richard Hildreth, Despotism in America; Thomas R. R. Cobb, Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery, I; H. Sherman, Slavery in the United States; Jeffrey R. Brackett, The Negro in Maryland; Albert T. Bledsoe, Essay on Liberty and Slavery; William Chambers, American Slavery and Labor, 115-181, and Appendix I; Albert Barnes, Inquiry into the Scriptural Views of Slavery; George B. Cheever, The

Guilt of Slavery; Lydia Maria Child, The Oasis; Augustus Cochin, Results of Slavery; George Fitzhugh, Cannibals all, or Slaves without Masters; Daniel R. Goodwin, Southern Slavery in its Present Aspects; John Henry Hopkins, Views of Slavery; Luther R. Marsh, Writings and Speeches of Abram Stewart; Samuel Nott, Slavery and the Remedy; Henry Shannon, Slavery in the United States; Joshua Coffin, Account of Some of the Principal Slave Insurrections.

Sources. - Frederick Law Olmsted, Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, and Texas Journey, and Back Country (extracts from the above three books republished as Cotton Kingdom); Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and my Freedom, and Life and Times, Written by Himself; Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis; Frances Anne Kemble, Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation; William Birney, James G. Birney and his Times, Chs. i-xi; Nehemiah Adams, South Side View of Slavery; F. C. Adams, Uncle Tom at Home; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, II, Chs. xxxii; John C. Calhoun, Works, II–VI; William Lloyd Garrison, Selections from Writings and Speeches ; James Stuart, Three Years in North America, II, Chs. iii-ix; William Harper, The Pro-Slavery Argument; Mrs. K. E. R. Pickard, The Kidnapped and the Ransomed [Peter Still]; Solomon Northrup, Twelve Years a Slave; E. H. Botume, First Days among the Contrabands; Susan D. Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter.

Bibliography. - Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Appendix E; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 28, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 60; S. May, Jr., Catalogue of Anti-Slavery Publications, 1756–1830.

§ 187. The Abolition Movement, 1830-1840.

Summary. Argument for slavery: scripture; ancient precedents; inferiority of the negro; good of the negro; good of the whites; good of mankind; economic advantages. Argument against slavery: unproductive; limited to agriculture; exhausted land; against improvements; degrading; hard for the masters; inhuman; political oligarchies; sectional. Rise of abolitionists: colonial (§ 148); before 1808 (§ 161); after 1808 (§ 177); foreign movement; Benjamin Lundy; 1831, Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Liberator; 1837, Wendell Phillips; 1843, Oberlin and the Western movement; 1830, Southern abolitionists, James G. Birney.

§ 187.]

The Abolition Movement.

377

Organization: 1832, societies organized; 1840, breach in the national society; "Liberty Party."- Northern opposition: 1831-34, negro schools destroyed; 1834-38, riots, especially Garrison mob (1835); Lovejoy (1837); Pennsylvania Hall (1838); public meetings. Southern sentiment: abolitionists; legislation; demands on the North for restrictions.

General. J. F. Rhodes, United States, I, 38-75; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. ix-xi; J. W. Draper, American Civil War, I, Ch. xvii; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, Ch. xiii; R. McK. Ormsby, History of the Whig Party, Ch. xxiv; Goldwin Smith, United States, 221-233. See also pp. 204, 214.

Special. H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 80-120, 219– 235; Thomas R. R. Cobb, Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery, Historical Sketch of Slavery, Chs. xv, xvii; Wm. Birney, James G. Birney and his Times, Chs. xii-xviii; George W. Julian, Joshua R. Giddings, Chs. i-iii; Lewis Toppan, Arthur Toppan, Chs. viii-xx; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, I, Chs. xiii-xxi, xxii, xxix, xl; Oliver Johnson, William Lloyd Garrison and his Times; William Goodell, Slavery and Anti-Slavery; Augustus Cochin, Results of Emancipation; James W. Massie, America, the Origin of her Present Conflict; John Weiss, Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker; O. B. Frothingham, Theodore Parker, and Gerrit Smith; W. W. Story, Joseph Story, I, Ch. xi.

Sources. DOCUMENTS: The Liberator; The Anti-Slavery Standard; The Emancipator; Annual Reports of the American Anti-Slavery Society, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, and the State Societies; Anti-Slavery Conventions, Reports. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison; Catherine H. Birney, The Grimké Sisters; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, IX, X; F. B. Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, Chs. i-vi; Henry Clay, Works, II (VI); D. Mallory, Henry Clay, II; Joshua R. Giddings, Speeches in Congress; Lydia M. Child, Isaac T. Hopper; Anna Davis Hallowell, James and Lucretia Mott; Wendell Phillips, in Alexander Johnston, Representative American Orators, I, 228–282. — REMINISCENCES: Ben. Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, Ch. xv; George Thompson, Prison Life and Reflections; Levi Coffin, Reminiscences; James Freeman Clarke, Anti-Slavery Days; Samuel J. May, Recollections of Our AntiSlavery Conflict; Parker Pillsbury, Acts of the Anti-Slavery Apostles; Cassius M. Clay, Life Written by Himself, I, Chs. i-iv.

Bibliography.

Winsor, America, VII, 325, and Memorial History

of Boston, III, 395; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 6; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 121; Library of Cornell University, Bulletins, I, 229– 231 (January, 1884); Henry Matson, References, 87.

§ 188. Public Controversy as to Slavery, 1835–1844. Summary. - Abolition movement (§ 187). Anti-slavery men in Congress Miner, Slade, J. Q. Adams, Giddings. District of Columbia status of slavery; 1801-25, movements for emancipation; fugitives (§ 189); sales for jail fees; interstate trade (§ 189). - Question of the mails: "incendiary publications "; 1835, August, Postmaster-General Kendall's letter; 1836, Calhoun's bill; "freedom of the press.". Abolition petitions: former objections (§ 161); 1820-30, on District of Columbia; J. Q. Adams's attitude; 1836, Calhoun's proposition; Buchanan's compromise. Gag resolutions" in the House: 1836, May, Pinckney's; 1837, January, Hawes's; 1837, December, Patton's; 1838, December, Atherton's; 1840, Johnson's; 1844, repeal. — Attempted censures : 1837, February, John Quincy Adams; 1842, January, Adams; 1842, March, Giddings.

در

General. Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, II, Chs. xvii, xxi; George Tucker, History of the United States, IV, Ch. xxix; James Schouler, History of the United States, IV, Ch. xiv, Lect. ii; T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. viii; W. Whiting, War Powers, Ch. viii; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. lii, lxii; Alexander Harris, Review of the Political Conflict in America, Chs. v-vii.

Special.-H. Von Holst, Constitutional History of the United States, II, 120-146; Henry Wilson, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, I, Chs. xxii-xxvi, xxx, xxxvi; Mary Tremain, Slavery in the District of Columbia (University of Nebraska, Seminary Papers, No. 2); William Goodell, Slavery and Anti-Slavery, Chs. x-xviii, xxii-xxxvi, and Views of American Constitutional Law; William Jay, Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery, 217, 369, 397-400; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, Ch. xxii, and Life of James Buchanan, I, Ch. xiii; Wm. H. Seward, Life of John Quincy Adams, Chs. xiixiv; Josiah Quincy, Memoirs of the Life of John Quincy Adams, Chs.

§ 189.]

National Controversies.

379

ix-xii; Adam Gurowski, Slavery in History; Charles Elliott, Sinfulness of American Slavery; E. L. Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner, III, Ch. xxx.

Sources. - DEBATES: Register of Debates, XII-XIV (1835-37); Congressional Globe (especially), II-XII (1835–44), XXI (1849–50), and LIV-LVI (1860–61); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XIII-XVI (1835–50). DOCUMENTS: Appendices to Register of Debates; newspapers of the day (8), especially Niles, Register, XLIII-LXVI; National Era, New York Tribune, Liberator, Richmond Whig. — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, IX, X; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, Chs. cxxix-cxxxi; II, Chs. xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii; Martin Van Buren, Inquiry into Political Parties; John C. Calhoun, Works, II–VI; Daniel Webster, Works, IV. 230; James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration, Ch. i; Henry Clay, Works, II (VI), 355, 595), and Private Correspondence; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 294, 306, 323–332; Charles Sumner, Works; L. G. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers; Joseph Hodgson, Cradle of the Confederacy, Chs. ix, x.

Bibliography. — Justin Winsor, America, VII, 322-324; Joseph Story, Commentaries (Cooley's edition), §§ 1915-1923; J. E. Cairnes, Slave Power, 21, 22; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 169, 737; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 122-124; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 61.

§ 189. International and Interstate Status of Slavery,

1830-1860.

Summary. The national government involved: District of Columbia (§ 188); fugitives; extradition; interstate commerce; foreign relations. Fugitives (§ 186): usual methods; advertisements; "underground railroad"; important cases (1842, Van Zandt; 1842, Prigg; 1847, Kennedy); "personal liberty" bills; question of Mexico and Canada. - Interstate extradition: 1835,

Williams; 1840, Isaac Gansey; Schooner Boston; 1859, Kentucky vs. Denison. Free negroes: South Carolina negro seaman act; 1844, Hoar's mission; question of transit of slaves over free states (§ 202). — Foreign relations: Hayti; Liberia (§ 176); negroes carried away by troops (§ 173); fugitives to Mexico and