Sources. - DEBATES: Register of Debates, VI, VII; T. H. Benton, Abridgment, X, XI. - DOCUMENTS: Appendices to Register of Debates; Statesman's Manual, II; Niles, Register, XXXV-XLIV; Congressional Documents, especially House Reports, 22 Cong. I sess. No. 460 ; House Executive Documents, 23 Cong. I sess. No. 523; American History Leaflets, No. 24; C. F. Dunbar, Laws Relating to Finance. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, VIII; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, Chs. xl, xli, lxvi-lxviii; D. Mallory, Life and Speeches of Henry Clay, II; Henry Clay, Works, II (IV), and Private Correspondence (IV), Chs. vii, viii; Daniel Webster, Works, III, 391-447; Clark and Hall, Legislative and Documentary History of the United States Bank, Ch. vi. — REMINISCENCES: J. A. Hamilton, Reminiscences, Chs. vi-viii; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 185-205, 213–229; Martin Van Buren, Political Parties, 311-362.

Bibliography.-C. F. Dunbar, Topics and References, § v; Justin Winsor, America, VII, 348–351; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 113, 114; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 204; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 25; footnotes to Von Holst.

§ 183. Tariff and Nullification, 1828-1832.

Summary.

Previous status: tariff of 1824 (§ 179).

Early threats of nullification (§§ 153, 165, 179); 1825–28, South Carolina protest. Nullification stated: 1828, tariff act (§ 179); 1828, Calhoun's "Exposition"; Madison's opposition; 1828, 1829, act declared unconstitutional by Georgia and South Carolina. Nullification developed: 1830, January, Webster-Hayne debate; Andrew Jackson's Union toast; May, breach with Calhoun. 1831, July, "Address" of South Carolina legislature. — Tariff of 1832 June, Gallatin's memorial; debates; July 14, act passed. - Nullification accomplished: 1832, October, convention summoned in South Carolina; November 24, ordinance of nullification; "Exposition " and "Address"; December, Calhoun resigns.

Coercion : 1832, December 11, Jackson's proclamation; December 20, South Carolina statutes: military preparation; 1833, January 6, nullification message; January-February, force bill; Webster-Calhoun debate. Compromise of 1833: February 12,

§ 183.]

Tariff and Nullification.

371

Clay's proposition; March 2, force act passed and compromise tariff passed; March 16, Nullification Ordinance repealed; later development: fate of the tariff (§§ 191, 195); secession (§ 206).

General. - Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, II, Ch. xiv; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, 139–149; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. v; James Schouler, History, IV, Ch. xiii, Sect. iii; J. W. Draper, History of the Civil War, I, Ch. xxi; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. vi; Samuel Eliot, Manual, Pt. iv, Ch. v; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. xxxi, xlvi, xlvii ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 861.

Special. — H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, Ch. xii, and John C. Calhoun, Ch. iv; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, Chs. vi, vii; Caleb W. Loring, Nullification, Secession, Webster's Argument; D. F. Houston, Critical Study of Nullification (Harvard Historical Studies, III); Geo. T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, Chs. xvi-xix, and James Buchanan, I, Ch. ix; W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, Chs. x, xiii; Calvin Colton, Henry Clay, II, Chs. v-xii; Charles H. Hunt, Edward Livingston, Ch. xvi; James Parton, Andrew Jackson, III, Chs. xxxii-xxxiv; Alexander H. Stephens, Constitutional View of the War between the States, I, Colloquies vii-x; George Tucker, History, IV, Chs. xxvi, xxvii; R. McK. Ormsby, Whig Party, Chs. xix-xxiii; J. Leander Bishop, History of American Manufactures, II, 298-381; Edward Young, Special Report on Customs, Tariff Legislation, 1-xciii (House Executive Documents, 42 Cong. 2 sess. No. 109); A. S. Bolles, Financial History, II, 282-433; J. D. Goss, History of Tariff Administration (Columbia College, Studies, I), Ch. iii; F. W. Taussig, History of the Tariff, 68112; see also § 184.

Sources. Debates and DOCUMENTS: Register of Debates, VI-IX (especially IX, Pt. ii, Appendix); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XI, XII; Statesman's Manual, II; Niles, Register, XXXV-XLIV; Congressional Documents (especially Senate Documents, 22 Cong. 2 sess. Vol. I); General Court of Massachusetts, State Papers on Nullification; Alexander Johnston, Representative American Orations, I, Pt. iv, 196; Albert Gallatin, Memorial; F. W. Taussig, State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff; P. C. Centz, Republic of Republics, Appendix F. — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, VIII; John C. Calhoun, Works, II, VI; Daniel Webster, Works, III, 248-355, 448-505; Henry Clay, Private Correspondence, Chs. viii, ix, and Works, I, II (V, VI); Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, Chs. xlvi, lxix, lxxviii; Levi Woodbury, Writings, I, 85–125; D. Mallory, Life

and Speeches of Henry Clay, I, II; James Madison, Selections from Private Correspondence. · - REMINISCENCES: Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 169–185, 229-243; Ben. Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, Chs. vii-ix.

Bibliography. D. F. Houston, Critical Study of Nullification, Appendix G; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 23, 24; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 1055; C. F. Dunbar, Topics and References; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 102, 103, 107–111; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 57; footnotes to Von Holst.

§ 184. Removal of the Deposits, 1833–1834.

Summary.—Status: 1816, clause in the Bank Act (§ 174); 1832, bank recharter vetoed (§ 182); House resolution affirming safety. - Removal accomplished: 1833, July, plan for deposit in state banks; September 18, paper read to the cabinet; September 23, Secretary Duane removed; September 26, Secretary Taney gives the order. The issue: question of a contract; secretary's discretion; presidential responsibility. - Controversy with the Senate: 1833, December 3, Jackson's defence; December 10, 26, Clay's resolution of censure; 1834, March 28, modified resolution passed; April 15, Jackson's protest; May 12, Senate's counter protest; 1837, January 16, expunging resolutions. - Fate of the bank : 1836, charter expires; Pennsylvania charter; 1837, 1839, failure (§ 179). — Currency questions: state banks; government deposits; 1834, June 28, 16 to 1 ratio act; "hard money "; 1836, July 11, Specie Circular.”

General. Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, II, Chs. xv, xviii; James Schouler, History, IV, Ch. xiv, Sect. i; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. vi; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. vii; Samuel Eliot, Manual, Pt. iv, Ch. vi; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. xlviii, xlix; R. Hildreth, Banks, Banking, and Paper Currency, Ch. xxi; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 199, 798.

Special. W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, Chs. xiii, xiv; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, Chs. xx-xxiii, and James Buchanan, I, Chs. xii, xiii; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 52-79; George Tucker, History, IV, Chs. xxviii, xxix; Calvin Colton, Henry Clay, II,

§ 185.]

Deposits and Surplus.

373

Chs. iii-v; James Parton, Andrew Jackson, III, Chs. xxxvi-xxxix; Samuel Tyler, R. B. Taney; George Van Santvoord, Chief Justices, 552, 566; A. S. Bolles, Financial History, II, 335–358; R. Hildreth, Banks and Banking; Goddard, Bank of the United States; W. M. Gouge, Short History of Money and Banking.

Sources. DEBATES: Register of Debates, IX-XII (1833-39); Congressional Globe, I (1833–35); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XII, XIII. – DOCUMENTS: Congressional Documents (especially Senate Documents, 23 Cong. I sess. Vol. V); Statesman's Manual, II; American History Leaflets, No. 24; Niles, Register, XLVI-L; Appendices to Register of Debates; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, Chs. xcii-cxi; John C. Calhoun, Works, II, III; Henry Clay, Private Correspondence, Chs. ix, x, and Works, II (IV); D. Mallory, Life and Speeches of Henry Clay, II; Daniel Webster, Works, III, 506– 551; IV, 3-147, 200, 235, 297–300. · - REMINISCENCES: Amos Kendall, Autobiography, Ch. xiv; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 253-277, 332-349.

Bibliography.-J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 799; C. F. Dunbar, Topics and References, § v; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference List, § 115; footnotes to Von Holst.

§ 185. Territorial Questions and Surplus Revenue,

:

1829-1841.

Summary. Indians Creek conflict (§ 179); 1826–29, Cherokee conflict; 1830, December, Tassel's case; 1831, March, Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia; 1832, March, Worcester vs. Georgia; Black Hawk war; 1834, Indian Territory created; 1835, removal; Seminole war begins. — Internal improvements: previous status (§ 179); 1830, May 27, Jackson's Maysville Road veto; 1831-32, increased expenditure. Territorial boundaries 1836, Arkansas admitted; Texas independent (§ 193). - Public lands: previous status (§ 179); 1830, Foot resolution (§ 183); 1832-36, great speculative sales; connection with wild-cat banks; 1836, specie circular (§ 184); 1841, preemption act. — Surplus: of 1806 (§ 167); of 1819 (§ 176); of 1836-37; connection with the tariff (§ 183); 1833, pocket veto of Clay's act.

Distribution: Clay's policy;

Calhoun's status ;

1836, June, "deposit act"; 1837, Calhoun's bill; payment of three installments; financial crisis (§ 192).

General. - T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. vii; G. T. Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, I, Ch. xxiv; James Schouler, History, IV, Ch. xiv, Sect. ii; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 291–296, 311-313; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. xli, xlv, liii; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 390; II, 570; III, 471, 1032.

Special. - W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, Chs. ix, xiv; George Tucker, History, IV, 40-69, 105, 215, Ch. xxix; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 177–194; J. W. Kearny, Sketch of American Finances, Ch. IV; E. G. Bourne, Surplus Revenue of 1837; W. G. Sumner, American Currency, 115-131; Calvin Colton, Life and Times of Henry Clay, I, Chs. xix, xx; Emory R. Johnson, River and Harbor Bills (American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, II, 782); E. C. Mason, Veto Power, §§ 83-94; Shosuke Sato, Land Question (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, IV, Nos. 7-9).

Sources. - DEBATES: Register of Debates, VI-XIV (1829-1837); Congressional Globe, I-VIII (1833-1841); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, X-XIV. DOCUMENTS: Statesman's Manual, I-III (especially I, 492; II, 719); American State Papers, Indian Affairs, II; Public Lands, VI-VIII; Congressional Documents; Niles, Register; Appendices to Register of Debates. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, Chs. xliv, li, lxx, lxxi, xc, cxxii-cxxviii, cxxxvi– cxliii, cxlvi, cliv-clxi; John C. Calhoun, Works, II, III, V; Henry_ Clay, Works, II, VI, and Private Correspondence; Daniel Webster, Works, IV, 238-258; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, VIII-X; D. Mallory, Life and Speeches of Henry Clay, II; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 177, 188, 205-250.

Bibliography.-W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 24; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 394; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 112, 118-120; Winsor, America, VII, 322; E. G. Bourne, Surplus Revenue, 151-161; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, $ 59.