$ 179.]

John Quincy Adams.

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xxix; A. S. Bolles, Financial History of the United States, II, Book III, Ch. iv; F. W. Taussig, Tariff History of the United States, 68-108; C. A. O'Neill, American Electoral System, Ch. xii; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xi.

Sources. DEBATES: Register of Debates, I-V; Benton's Abridgment of Debates, VIII, IX. — DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, IV; American State Papers, especially Foreign Relations, VI (Panama), Finance, V (Tariff of 1828), Indian Affairs, II; Register of Debates, Appendices to I-V ; Williams, Statesman's Manual, II; Executive Proceedings of the Senate on the Mission to the Congress of Panama; H. Niles, Weekly Register. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, VI, VII; T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, Chs. xvii-xxxvii; Calvin Colton, Private Correspondence of Henry Clay, Chs. iii-v, and Life, Correspondence, and Public Speeches of Henry Clay, Chs. xiv-xviii; Henry Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, Book IV; F. W. Taussig, State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, 252–385 (Clay and Webster); E. B. Williston, Eloquence of the United States, IV; B. P. Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, Chs. i-v; Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past, 188–301 ; Daniel Webster, Works, III; Levi Woodbury, Writings, I; Basil Hall, Travels in North America; Albert Gallatin, Writings, II.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, VII, 346–348, 503, 525; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 20-26; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 99-101; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 148–150; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, § 130.

XX. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION.

Summary.

§ 180. The United States in 1830.

:

Geography accessions since 1789; status of Oregon; status of Maine boundary; 1818, northern boundary treaty; status of Texas; new states since 1789 (see §§ 161, 177); existing territories. — People: population in 1830; immigration; western movement; cities. - Means of transportation: turnpikes ; canals; Erie Canal; steam river navigation; beginnings of railroads. - Intellectual life: education; colleges; beginnings of literature; newspapers. Social life: Tocqueville's view; Mrs. Trollope's view; Dickens's view. Religious life : national churches; sects; intemperance; duelling; philanthropic movement. - Slavery (see § 188). Political life parties; caucuses; conventions; city government; democratization; elements of reorganization.

General. John T. Morse, Jr., Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. i-iii; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Chs. i-iii; Ellis H. Roberts, New York, II, Chs. xxx-xxxvi; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History IV, 311-315; T. W. Higginson, Larger History, 398-422; J. W. Draper, History of the Civil War, I, 174–183.

Special. James Bryce, Predictions of Hamilton and De Tocqueville (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, V, No. 9); W. W. Story, Joseph Story, II; Edmund Quincy, Josiah Quincy, Ch. xvii; Edward L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, I, Chs. iv-viii; Hay and Nicolay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. i-xii; Charles H. Hunt, Edward Livingston, Chs. xiv, xv; James Schouler, History, III, 507-531; IV, Ch. xiii, Sect. ii; Calvin Colton, Life and Times of Henry Clay, I, Ch. xxi; George Van Santvoord, Chief Justices, 490-520; R. Hildreth, Banks, Banking, and Paper Currency, Pt. i, Ch. xx; John McGregor, Progress of America, II, 613-670; W. G. Sumner, History of American Currency, 84-94; Charles Francis Adams, Railroads, Pt. i; T. M. Cooley, Michigan, Chs. viiixiv; Jabez D. Hammond, History of Political Parties in the State of

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United States in 1830.

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New York, II, Chs. xxxiii-xlii; Lewis Tappan, Arthur Tappan, Chs. i-vii; George Tucker, History, IV, Ch. xxxii; James Grant Wilson, Memorial History of the City of New York, III, Chs. ix, x; J. T. Scharf, Maryland, III, Ch. xxxvii. See also biographies (§ 25), state histories (§ 23). HISTORICAL MAPS: Alex. Johnston, History of the United States for Schools, 218; T. MacCoun, Historical Geography of the United States; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, No. 5 (Epoch Maps No. 10); Tenth Census, Population.

Sources. Tenth Census, Population; Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, VIII, Ch. xv; Henry Clay, Private Correspondence, Chs. vi-viii; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America; George Tucker, Progress of the United States in Fifty Years; John Trumbull, Autobiography, Chs. xix-xxi; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, Life of John J. Crittenden, Chs. iv-xi; Basil Hall, Travels in North America; [James Fenimore Cooper], Notions of the Americans; J. Finch, Travels in the United States (1833); S. G. Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime, Letters 46-63; Frances A. Kemble, Recollections of a Girlhood, 533-590, and Records of Later Days, I; E. D. Keyes, Fifty Years' Observations, Chs. i-x; Hugh McCullough, Men and Measures of Half a Century, Chs. i-vi; Achille Murat, America and the Americans; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, Chs. iii, iv; Amos Kendall, Autobiography; James Stuart, Three Years in North America; Mrs. Trollope, Domestic Manners of the Americans. See autobiographies (§ 33); works of statesmen (§ 32).

Bibliography. J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 46; II, 788; III, 1108; Winsor, America, VIII, 489; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 26.

§ 181. Andrew Jackson and his Policy.

Summary. Life: 1790-1804, public offices; 1797-98, U. S. senator; 1804-14, Indian fighter; 1815, battle of New Orleans (§ 172); 1818, Seminole War (§ 174); 1824-25, defeated for presidency (§ 179); 1828, elected. Character: self-confidence ; insubordination; uprightness; hatred of opponents; "task of reform"; "retrenchment.". Friends: Major Lewis; Van Buren; cabinet; "kitchen cabinet"; Eaton episode; popularity; Eastern journey. Enemies : Clay; Adams; Calhoun; Webster; coalition. Civil service inaugural; "task of reform "; condi

tion of the service (§§ 167, 179); dismissals; appointments; number of changes. — Foreign policy: French spoliation claims; Maine and Oregon boundaries (§ 192); Texas (§ 193). — Judiciary previous status (§ 175); 1831, Peck impeachment; Worcester vs. Georgia; new appointments; 1834, Taney, chief justice; 1837, Bristol case. Parties: "Democratic"; "Whig"; "Anti-Masonic."

General. - E. M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren, Chs. vi, vii; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, Ch. vii; H. Von Holst, John C. Calhoun, Ch. v; Josiah Quincy, J. Q. Adams, Chs. viii, ix; Justin Winsor, America, VII, 281-290; T. W. Higginson, Larger History, 431-455; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 296–311, Ch. xii; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. iv; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Chs. v, vi; James Schouler, History III, Ch. xiii, Sect. i; George Tucker, History, IV, Ch. xxvi; C. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. xxxviii, xlii-xlv; Alden Bradford, Federal Government, Chs. xiii, xiv; R. McK. Ormsby, Whig Party, Chs. xvii, xviii; R. H. Gillet, Democracy in the United States, §§ 62–80; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 45, 100, 312; II, 625, 781; III, 996, 1061, 1101; Henry A. Wise, Seven Decades, 97-118.

Special.-W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, Chs. vii, viii, xv, xvi; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, I, Chs. xii, xiii; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, Chs. xv-xvii, and James Buchanan, I, Chs. v, vi, ix, xii; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 11–31; Calvin Colton, Henry Clay, II, Chs. vii-x; Lucy M. Salmon, Appointing Power, 54-66; James Parton, Andrew Jackson; A. D. Morse, Political Influence of Andrew Jackson (Political Science Quarterly, I, 153–162); Jabez D. Hammond, Political History of the State of New York, II.

Sources. DEBATES: Register of Debates in Congress, VI-XIV; Congressional Globe, I-III (1833-37); T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XXIII. DOCUMENTS: Appendices to Register of Debates; Statesman's Manual, II; Congressional Documents (1829–1837). — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Quincy Adams, Memoirs; J. A. Hamilton, Reminiscences; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years View, Chs. xxxviii-lxviii; Daniel Webster, Works, IV, 148, 179; John C. Calhoun, Works, II, III, V; Calvin Colton, Private Correspondence of Henry Clay, (Henry Clay, Works, IV), Chs. vii-xi, and Life and Times of Henry Clay, I, II; Martin Van Buren, Inquiry into Political Parties, Ch. vii; Amos

§ 182.]

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Kendall, Autobiography, Chs. x-xiv; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 162-169, 277-293; Ben. Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, Chs. vi, vii, x-xiii; Seba Smith, Letters of Major Jack Downing; Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past, 352-375.

Bibliography.-W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 22-26; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 46, 101; II, 626, 627, 677, 782, 788; III, 1061, 1108; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 104-106; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 150-152; James Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, I, Introduction; Justin Winsor, America, VII, 287-289, 348-351; W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, 387-392.

§ 182. Jackson's War on the Bank, 1829-1833.

Summary. Status of the bank previous history (§ 174); President Biddle; amount of government deposits. — Jackson's prejudice; 1829, June, Portsmouth Branch affair; Hill's influence; Ingham's correspondence; December, Jackson's attack. — Recharter controversy: 1829-30, report; 1832, January, petition of the bank; July 2, recharter bill passes. — Jackson's veto: 1832, July 10, message; question of constitutionality; expediency; management. Election of 1832: 1831, December, Clay nominated; 1832, May, first national convention; bank an issue; November, Jackson reëlected. — Doctrine of a popular mandate. General. - Edward Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xiii; James Schouler, History, IV, Ch. xiii, § 3; Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. vi; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. vii; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. xl, xlvi; Samuel Tyler, Memoir of Roger B. Taney, I, Ch. iii; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 201.

Special. H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, II, 31-52; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, Ch. xviii, and James Buchanan, I, Chs. x, xi; W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, Chs. xi-xiii; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, I, Ch. xiii; George Tucker, History, IV, Ch. xxvi; Calvin Colton, Henry Clay, II, Ch. i; James Parton, Andrew Jackson, III, Chs. xxix-xxxi ; C. H. Hunt, Edward Livingston, Ch. xvi; E. C. Mason, Veto Power, §§ 55-59; A. S. Bolles, Financial History, II, 317– 335; Wm. M. Gouge, Short History of Paper Money; Wm. L. Royall, Andrew Jackson and the Bank; Joseph Story, Commentaries, §§ 1374