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§ 170. Neutral Trade, 1789-1807.

Summary. Previous difficulties (§§ 162, 164). — Four limitations on neutral trade, viz., blockade, contraband, free ships, and free goods; "Rule of 1756.”— Early difficulties: 1793, English and French aggression (§ 162); 1794, Jay treaty (§ 162); 1800, 1803, treaties with France (§§ 164, 168); value of the neutral trade; impressments; aggressions renewed; 1803, war between England and France; partisan decisions of English admiralty courts; 1806, Jay treaty expires. - British orders in council and French decrees: Napoleon's "continental system "; 1805, Trafalgar; 1806, May 16, British blockade order; November 21, Berlin Decree ; 1807, January, March, both sides prohibit coasting trade; November 11, general blockade order; December 17, Milan Decree. Jefferson's policy: "gunboat system"; 1806, April 18, conditional non-importation act; 1807, Pinckney treaty with England withheld; June, Leopard-Chesapeake affair; negotiations for West Florida. Damage done to the United States: number of impressments; English captures; French captures. Subsequent difficulties (§ 171).

General. — J. B. McMaster, History, III, 215–278; R. Hildreth, History, V, 546-548, 562-594, 645-665, 674-686; J. Schouler, History, II, Ch. vi, § 1; John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson, Ch. xvii; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, II, 80; George Tucker, History, II, 209, 282, 301-307; W. A. Cocke, Constitutional History, I, Ch. vi.

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Special. Henry Adams, Administrations of Jefferson and Madison, III, Chs. xv-xviii; IV, Chs. i-vi; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, III, Chs. iv, v; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. viii-x; C. W. Upham, Timothy Pickering, IV, Ch. iii; Eugene Schuyler, American Diplomacy, No. 7; Theodore Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States, I, Ch. x; T. H. Dyer, History of Modern Europe, V; J. Stephen, War in Disguise, or the Frauds of the Neutral Flags; Henry C. Adams, Taxation in the United States, 70-75.

Sources. - DEBATES: Annals of Congress, XIV-XVI; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, II, III. - DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, II; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, II, III, Commerce and Navigation, I; Annals of Congress, Appendices to XV, XVI; Wil

§ 171.]

Neutral Trade and Embargo.

351 liams, Statesman's Manual, I; Tench Coxe, An Examination of the Conduct of Great Britain; T. Dwight, Hartford Convention; M. Carey, The Olive Branch; F. Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, §§ 325-331, 359-363, 368-375, 388-394, 405. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), IV (see Index); Albert Gallatin, Writings, I; James Madison, Letters and Other Writings, II (see Contents); J. Sparks, Life of Gouverneur Morris, III, No. 2; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, I; Basil Hall, Voyages and Travels, Ch. xi.

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Bibliography. — Winsor, America, VII, 457, 519, 520; J. B. McMaster, United States, III, 235; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, II, 428; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 79.

§ 171. The Embargo and Non-Intercourse, 1807-1811.

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Repeal of the embargo: question of New England Non-intercourse: 1809,

Summary. Previous difficulties (§§ 162, 164, 170). bargo act: 1807, December, Jefferson's recommendation; December 22, act passed; 1808, supplementary acts; question of constitutionality. Enforcement: evasions by New England ship owners; overland trade; collisions with troops; treason trials; 1809, January, Giles's enforcement acts. ruinous effects; 1809, Henry's mission; loyalty; 1809, February 3, repeal act. February 26, first act; March 4, Madison becomes president; April, Erskine treaty (disavowed by England); June 10, intercourse with England renewed (withdrawn); 1810, French decrees of Rambouillet and Trianon; May 1, "Macon Bill No. 2"; unsuccessful missions of Jackson and Rose; 1811, March 2, non-intercourse renewed. — Pinckney mission to England: question whether the French decrees were withdrawn; 1811, February, Pinckney demands passports; Foster's mission to Washington.

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General. - J. B. McMaster, History, III, Chs. xix, xx; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 200-224; R. Hildreth, History, VI, Chs. xxxxiii; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Chs. xvii, xviii; John T. Morse, Jr., John Quincy Adams, 37-57; J. Schouler, History, II, Ch. vi, § 2; Ch. viii, § 1; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, I, Ch. iv; George Tucker, History, II, 307-420; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 79–85; Alden Bradford, History of the Federal Government, Chs. vii, viii; R. McK. Ormsby, History

of the Whig Party, Chs. vii, ix, x; A. W. Young, The American Statesman, Ch. xvi; J. A. Spencer, History, III, Book V, Chs. v, vi; Arthur Holmes, Parties and their Principles, Chs. v, vi.

Special.

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Henry Adams, Administrations of Jefferson and Madison, IV, Chs. vii-xx; V, Chs. i-xix; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 516, 1064, 1075, 1289-1292; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, III, Chs. vi-ix George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. x-xiii; Henry Adams, Albert Gallatin, 355-443; Edmund Quincy, Josiah Quincy, Chs. vi-viii; Hugh A. Garland, John Randolph, I, Chs. xxxiii, xxxiv; C. W. Upham, Timothy Pickering, IV, Chs. iv, v ; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. viii.

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Sources. DEBATES: Annals of Congress, XVII-XXII; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, III, IV. - DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, II; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, III, Commerce and Navigation, I; Annals of Congress, Appendices to XVIII-XXII; Williams, Statesman's Manual, I; M. Carey, The Olive Branch; F. Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, 131, 150a, 150b, 319, 320, 331, 359–363. — ConteMPORARY WRITINGS: William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, Nos. 51-59; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), V, VIII (Inaugural Addresses and Messages); J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, I, 491-535; Albert Gallatin, Writings, I; James Madison, Letters and Other Writings, II; W. W. Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, VII, 340–342, 520–522; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 10-15; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, II, 85; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 80, 81; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 52.

§ 172. The War of 1812.

Summary. Causes: neutral trade (§ 170); impressments (§ 171); supposed intrigues with Indians; indemnity refused; party advantage; hope of conquest of Canada; "young republicans"; Henry Clay.— 1812, "Orders" withdrawn; war continues on impressments. Strength of parties: population; military strength; naval strength; unity (§ 173); finances; theatre of war. Land war: 1811, Indian war. 1812, Detroit taken; fiasco at Niagara ; 1813, failure at Niagara; success on Lake Erie; invasion of

§ 172.]

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Canada fails. -1814, Brown at Niagara; Plattsburg; Washington burned; Eastern Maine taken; 1815, January 8, New Orleans. War at sea: 1812, capture of Guerriere, Macedonian, Java; 1813, capture of Peacock, Argus, Boxer; Chesapeake taken; Essex in the Pacific; blockade; prowess of the privateers. - Peace: 1812, Russian mediation; 1813, commissioners sent; 1814, meeting at Ghent; impressment question not pressed. December 24, treaty signed. Later diplomacy (§§ 174, 175).

General. -J. B. McMaster, History, III, Chs. xxi, xxiii; IV, Chs. xxiv-xxvii, xxix; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, I, Chs. v, vi; R. Hildreth, History, VI, Chs. xxiv-xxix; J. Schouler, History, Ch. viii, Sect. ii; Ch. ix; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Chs. xix, xx; J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 211-224, 238-245, 260-274, 312-337; George Tucker, History, II, Ch. xvi; III, Chs. xvii, xviii; S. H. Gay, Bryant's History, IV, Chs. viii, ix; John T. Morse, Jr., John Quincy Adams, 68-101; W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, Ch. ii; D. C. Gilman, James Monroe, Ch. v ; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Ch. iii; Alden Bradford, Federal Government, Chs. viii, ix; T. W. Higginson, Larger History, Ch. xv; R. H. Gillet, Democracy in the United States, §§ 20–41, 48–50; W. A. Cocke, Constitutional History, I, Chs. vii-ix; J. A. Spencer, History of the United States, III, Book V, Chs. vii-xiii; A. W. Young, The American Statesman, Chs. xvii, xviii; Arthur Holmes, Parties and their Principles, Ch. vi; George Bryce, Short History of the Canadian People, Ch. viii, Sect. v; J. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, I, II; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 961–965; Samuel Eliot, Manual, 353–378.

Special. - DETAILED ACCOUNTS: Henry Adams, Administrations of Jefferson and Madison, VI, Chs. vi–xvii, VII, VIII, IX, Chs. i-iii, and Albert Gallatin, 443-555; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. xiv, xv; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, III, Chs. ix, x; Winsor, America, VII, Ch. vi; J. Q. Adams, Life of James Madison; John Armstrong, Notices of the War of 1812 (2 vols.). — MILITARY HISTORY: B. J. Lossing, The Empire State, Chs. xxvii-xxxi, and Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812; P. M. Davis, Authentic History of the Late War; Charles J. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch of the Second War (two series, 4 vols.); William James, Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences. — NAVAL HISTORY: T. Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812; E. S. Maclay, History of the United States Navy, I, 305–577; II, 1–52; George Coggeshall, History of the American Privateers; J. Fenimore Cooper, History of the Navy of the United States, Chs. xiii-xlix; William James,

Naval History of Great Britain, VI, and Full and Correct Account of the Naval Occurrences. - FINANCES: Henry C. Adams, Public Debts, Pt. ii, Ch. i, and Taxation in the United States; G. M. Dallas, Life and Writings of A. J. Dallas; A. S. Bolles, Financial History, II, Book II; J. W. Kearny, Sketch of American Finances, Ch. iii. — PEACE: Theodore Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States, II, Chs. i, ii; Josiah Quincy, Memoir of John Quincy Adams, Chs. iii, iv; W. H. Seward, Life of John Quincy Adams, Ch. v; Charles Isham, The Fishery Question.

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Sources. - DEBATES: Annals of Congress, XXIII-XXVIII; H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, IV, V.- - DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, II, III; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, III, Finance, II, Commerce and Navigation, I, Military Affairs, I, Naval Affairs, I; Annals of Congress, Appendices to XXIV-XXVIII; F. Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, §§ 150d, 303, 304; Williams, Statesman's Manual, I; Treaties and Conventions; John Brannan, Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers, and The War; T. H. Palmer, Historical Register of the United States; H. Niles, Weekly Register, I-VIII. - - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, II, III (on the Peace); Albert Gallatin, Writings, I; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), VI; James Madison, Letters and Other Writings, II; G. M. Dallas, Life and Writings of A. J. Dallas, 234-400; Calvin Colton, Life, Correspondence and Speeches of Henry Clay, I, Ch. ix, and Private Correspondence of Henry Clay, Ch. i; Henry Clay, Works, IV, Ch. i; D. Mallory, Life and Speeches of Henry Clay, I; A. Johnston, Representative American Orations (Clay) I, 170; E. B. Williston, Eloquence of the United States, II; John C. Calhoun, Works, II; V, 1–7; M. Carey, The Olive Branch.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VII, 420-437, 457-459, 485, 486, 521-524; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 15; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, III, 1092; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 82-85; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 138–146; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, § 106.

§ 173.

Opposition to the War, 1811-1815.

Summary, Party opposition (§§ 160, 166, 171): John Randolph (§ 168); Federalists; New England; peace Republicans; election of 1812; DeWitt Clinton bolts. Militia question: 1812, detachment refused; service out of the United States forbidden;

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