XVIII.

FOREIGN COMPLICATIONS.

§ 167. Thomas Jefferson and his Party.

Summary. Jefferson's history: in Virginia; in the Continental Congress (§ 137); as a diplomat (§ 153); 1790-93, secretary of state (§§ 157-160); 1797-1801, vice-president. — Jefferson's principles: "Republican simplicity"; reduction of expenses; reduction of the debt; opposition to coercion; faith in popular government; reduction of national functions; conciliation of the Federalists. - Civil service: cabinet; Gallatin ; "midnight appointments" disavowed; removals; principle of equalization. Contest with the judges: 1802, March 8, judiciary act repealed; 1803, case of Marbury vs. Madison; 1804, Judge Pickering impeached; 1805, impeachment of Judge Chase fails ; Jefferson's judicial appointments. - Foreign policy question of withdrawing ministers; Tripolitan war; gunboat system. Broad spirit: Jefferson on internal improvements; education and colonization; effect of a surplus. Subsequent career (§§ 168-171).

General. John T. Morse, Jr., John Quincy Adams, 24-37, 57-68, and Thomas Jefferson, Chs. xiii, xv; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, Ch. v; J. B. McMaster, History, II, 583-620; III, 146–215; Henry Adams, John Randolph, Chs. iii, v-vii; R. Hildreth, History, V, Chs. xvi-xviii; J. Schouler, History, II, Ch. v, and Thomas Jefferson, Ch. xii; George Tucker, History, II, Chs. xi, xii; J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 176-205, 289-311; T. Roosevelt, Gouverneur Morris, Chs. xii, xiii; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Ch. xvi; T. W. Higginson, Larger History, Ch. xiv; S. H. Gay, Bryant's History, IV, Chs. vi, vii; Alden Bradford, Federal Government, Ch. vi; Henry A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. ii; J. A. Spencer, History, III, Book V, Chs. i, iii, iv; R. H. Gillet, Democracy in the United States, §§ 1-17; J. W. Moore, American Congress, Ch. xiv; W. A. Cocke, Constitutional History, I, Ch. v; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. xiv, xv; Arthur Holmes, Parties and their Principles, Ch. v; J. Parton, Thomas Jefferson, Chs. lxi-lxv; Samuel Eliot, Manual, 329-352.

Special. Henry Adams, History of the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison, I, Chs. i-xii; II, Chs. vii, ix-xviii; III, Chs. i-ix, and Albert Gallatin, Book III; Hugh A. Garland, John Randolph, I, Chs. xxvii-xxxi; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. xii, xiii; III, Chs. i-iii; Cornélis DeWitt, Jefferson and the American Democracy; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. iv, v; Josiah Quincy, John Quincy Adams, Ch. ii; J. C. Hamilton, Republic, VII, Chs. clviii-clxvii ; J. T. Austin, Elbridge Gerry, II, Chs. ix, x; Lucy M. Salmon, Appointing Power of the President (American Historical Association, Papers, I, 299-419); E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Chs. v, vi; Wm. Plumer, Jr., William Plumer, Chs. vii, viii; Edmund Quincy, Josiah Quincy, Ch. v; Henry C. Adams, Taxation in the United States; Martin Van Buren, Inquiry into Political Parties, Ch. vi; C. A. O'Neil, American Electoral System, Chs. ix, x; E. S. Maclay, United States Navy, I, 214-302.

Sources. — DEBATES: Annals of Congress, XI-XV; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, II, III. - DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, II; Annals of Congress, Appendices to XI-XIV; American State Papers, Finance, II; Williams, Statesman's Manual, I.- CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, I; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), IV, VIII (Inaugural Addresses and Messages); William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, Nos. 14, 32, 34-44, 53-55; Sarah N. Randolph, Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson; T. Dwight, Character of Thomas Jefferson as Exhibited in his Writings; James Madison, Letters and Other Writings, II; Albert Gallatin, Writings, I; Henry Adams, Documents relating to New England Federalism; Matthew L. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, II, Chs. vi-xvii; A. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), VI (Correspondence), VII (Examination of Jefferson's Message); E. B. Williston, Eloquence of the United States, II, 76–370; IV, 261-373; S. G. Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime, I, Letters 9, 10, 17, 19;. J. Sparks, Gouverneur Morris, III, No. 2; Gouverneur Morris, Diary and Letters, II, Chs. xli-xlv; J. M. Merriam on removals, in American Historical Association, Papers, II, 47–52; Isaac Weld, Jr., Travels Through the States of North America; Adam Seybert, Statistical Annals; Thomas Ashe, Travels in America in 1806; John Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of America; John Davis, Travels of Four Years and a Half; T. Dwight, Travels; R. Parkinson, A Tour in America. - For other travels, see § 24.

§ 168.]

Jefferson and his Policy.

347

Bibliography. H. B. Tompkins, Bibliotheca Jeffersonania; W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 8-12; Winsor, America, VII, 300-307, 337, 338, 418; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, I, 788; II, 639; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 75, 76; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 135-137; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, § 93.

§ 168. Annexation of Louisiana, West Florida, and Oregon, 1800-1812.

Summary. Previous territorial history (see §§ 91, 141, 153, 161): 1512-41, Spanish claims; 1699, French settlement; 1712, Crozat's grant; 1762, West side to Spain; 1763, East side to England; 1800, October, transfer to France. - American negotiations: 1802, October, "deposit" withdrawn; 1803, Monroe sent out; Napoleon's offer of the whole. The treaty: 1803, April 10, treaty signed; October 9, ratified; boundaries; payment; claims; expediency; objection of New England. Constitutional questions: implied powers (§ 159); Federalist partnership theory; Jefferson's amendment. Boundary questions Southeastern; Southwestern; Northern ; later adjustments (§ 176). — Organization: 1803, December 20, the territory transferred; 1804, territory of Orleans; 1805, territorial government; 1812, state of Louisiana. ·West Florida question: French refuse a definition; difficulties with Spain; 1808, revolution; 1810, western part annexed; 1812, remainder annexed. — Oregon question: 1792, discovery of River Columbia; 1803-06, Lewis and Clark's expedition; 1811, Astoria founded; 1812, taken by the British. — Later adjustment (§ 192).

General. J. B. McMaster, History, II, 620-633; R. Hildreth, History, V, 448, 478–498, 506, 536, 546, 568–576; VI, 143–148, 223–228; J. Schouler, History, II, 36--52, 72, 117, 130, 198, 224, 266; John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson, Ch. xiv; D. C. Gilman, James Monroe, 74-93; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 183–199; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 93; III, 1045; George Tucker, History, II, 177-218, 235, 256, 267-275, 389, 416; S. H. Gay, Bryant's History, IV, 145–149; Winsor, America, VII, Ch. vii, Appendix I; J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 201-205, 294-296; Henry Adams, John Randolph, Ch. iv;

Alden Bradford, Federal Government, Ch. vi; J. A. Spencer, History, III, Book V, Ch. ii.

Special. Henry Adams, Administrations of Jefferson and Madison, I, Chs. xiii-xvii; II, Chs. v-vii, ix; III, Chs. i, v-vii; V, Ch. XV, and Albert Gallatin, Book III; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, III, Ch. ii ; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 1277–1283, 1317-1321; Theodore Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States, Ch. ix; C. F. Robertson, Louisiana Purchase (American Historical Association, Papers, I, 253–290); T. M. Cooley, Acquisition of Louisiana; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Ch. vi; J. W. Monette, History of the Valley of the Mississippi; Thomas Donaldson, Public Domain, Ch. iv; Henry Gannett, Boundaries of the United States; H. H. Bancroft, History of Northwest Coast; William Barrows, Oregon, Chs. i-viii. — Histories of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon, Washington (see § 23).

Sources. - DEBATES: Annals of Congress, XII-XIII; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, II, III. DOCUMENTS: American State Papers, Foreign Relations, II, Public Lands, I; Annals of Congress, Appendix to XII; Treaties and Conventions; F. Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, § 148b; Thomas Donaldson, Public Domain, 89-105; Williams, Statesman's Manual, I. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), IV, VIII (Inaugural Addresses and Messages); Albert Gallatin, Writings, I, passim; Barbé-Marbois, Histoire de la Louisiane, and History of Louisiana Cession; Paul Allen, editor, History of the Expedition of Lewis and Clark; Edwin James, Account of an Expedition under Major Long; Z. M. Pike, Account of Expeditions.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VII, 546-562; W. E. Foster, Monthly Reference Lists, IV, No. 103, and Presidential Administrations, 11, 12; D. C. Gilman, James Monroë, 262–264; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 77; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, §§ 33i, 51.

§ 169. The Burr Conspiracy, 1803-1807.

Summary. Burr's previous history (§ 160); 1801, vice-president (§ 166); 1804, read out of the party; murder of Hamilton. Plans 1805, trip to the west; intrigues in Washington. The expedition : 1806, December, descent of the Ohio; in Kentucky; connection with Jackson and Clay; Wilkinson at New

§ 169.]

Louisiana and Burr.

349

Orleans; Jefferson's proclamation; 1807, January, Burr captured. Treason trial: 1806, December, arrest of Bollman and Swartwout; habeas corpus denied; 1807, January, Jefferson asks suspension of habeas corpus; 1807, February, Bollman and Swartwout released; October, Burr's treason trial; definition of legal proof of treason; Jefferson's part in the trial; Burr released. Effect on the Federalists (§ 173).

General. J. B. McMaster, History, III, Ch. xv; George Tucker, History, II, 221-223, 272-280, 294-297; R. Hildreth, History, V, 517529, 594-627, 668-674; J. Schouler, History, II, 59-66, 118-124; John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson, Ch. xvi; S. H. Gay, Bryant's History, IV, 149–153; Hugh A. Garland, Life of John Randolph, I, Ch. xxxii; Allan B. Magruder, John Marshall, Ch. xi; W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, Ch. i; H. C. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, 237–271.

Special. Henry Adams, Administrations of Jefferson and Madison, II, Chs. viii-xvii; III, Chs. x-xiv, xix; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, III, Chs. iv, v; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. ix, x; John C. Hamilton, Republic, VII, Chs. clxvii, clxviii; John T. Morse, Jr., Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Chs. vii, ix; W. G. Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, Ch. xvii; Henry Flanders, Chief Justices, II (Marshall), Ch. xi; W. H. Safford, Life of Harman Blennerhassett; J. Parton, Andrew Jackson, I, Chs. xxviii-xxx, and Aaron Burr.

Sources. - DOCUMENTS: American State Papers, Miscellaneous, I; John Marshall, Writings, 33-111; William Wirt, Two Principal Arguments in the Trial of A. Burr; T. Carpenter, Trial of Aaron Burr; E. B. Williston, Eloquence of the United States, IV, 384-441. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Matthew L. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, II, Chs. xviii, xix; William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, Nos. xlv-xlix; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), IV, V; William Coleman, Collection of Facts and Documents Relative to the Death of General Hamilton; A. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), VI, VII, 851-853; James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times; Annals of Congress, Appendices to XVI, XVII; W. H. Safford, Blenner hassett Papers.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, VII, 220, 338–340; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 78.