II, Ch. xxiii; J. Schouler, History, I, 151–157, 275-285; S. H. Gay, Bryant's History, IV, 112–122; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 99-104; George Gibbs, Washington and Adams, I, Ch. vi; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, I, Ch. xx, and History, I, 446, 472, 481, 482, 551-564; W. G. Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, Ch. xiii; J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 50-57, 69-99.

Special. Henry Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, 86–151; Henry M. Brackinridge, History of the Western Insurrection; John T. Morse, Jr., Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Ch. iv; Neville B. Craig, Exposure of Misstatement; W. H. Egle, History of Pennsylvania, Ch. xiv; J. C. Hamilton, Republic, VI, Chs. cx, cxi; W. C. Rives, James Madison, III, 447-461.

Sources. DEBATES: Annals of Congress, II-IV; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, I. DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, I; American State Papers, Indian Affairs, I, Miscellaneous, I; Annals of Congress, Appendices to II-IV; Williams, Statesman's Manual, I. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: William Findley, History of the Insurrection in the Four Western Counties of Pennsylvania; Hugh H. Brackenridge, Incidents of the Insurrection in the Western Parts of Pennsylvania; Albert Gallatin, Writings, I, III, No. 1; A. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), IV (especially 575-604); V (especially 1-55); George Washington, Writings (Sparks edition), X-XII; John Marshall, George Washington, V, Chs. v, vii; F. Wharton, State Trials (Treason Cases); Wm. H. Smith, St. Clair Papers, II; G. M. Dallas, A. J. Dallas, 29-48, 149–159.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VII, 330–341, 451, 452; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, III, 1108; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 65.

§ 164. Breach with France, 1797-1800.

Summary. Previous relations (§ 163). — Change of administration: 1796, Washington's farewell address; election of John Adams; trouble with the cabinet. - X. Y. Z. episode; 1796, Pinckney not received (§ 162); 1797, demand for a bribe; 1798, June 21, Adams on the crisis. — War with France: 1798, authorization to capture French vessels; 1798-99, naval battles ; captures by privateers; question of Hamilton's command.

§ 164.]

Internal Disturbances and France.

341

1798, the Miranda project. Peace 1799, French overtures; 1800, convention negotiated; "French spoliation claims." Effect on Adams (§ 166). — Subsequent relations (§§ 168, 170, 171, 181).

General. - John T. Morse, Jr., John Adams, 265-287, and Thomas Jefferson, 173-193; R. Hildreth, History, IV, 685-704; V, Chs. x, xi, xiii, xiv; J. B. McMaster, History, II, 209-416, 429-476; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, III, 1122-1127; George Tucker, History, II, Ch. ix ; H. C. Lodge, George Washington, II, Ch. vi; J. Schouler, History, I, Ch. iv; C. A. O'Neil, American Electoral System, Ch. vii; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. iv; H. C. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, 194– 221; S. H. Gay, Bryant's History, IV, Ch. vi; Winsor, America, VII, Ch. vii; W. G. Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, Ch. xv; Arthur Holmes, Parties and their Principles, Ch. iv; Alden Bradford, Federal Government, Chs. iv, v; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. i-iii; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. xi-xiii; Samuel Eliot, Manual, 296-325.

Special.-C. F. Adams, John Adams, II, Ch. x; Hugh A. Garland, John Randolph, I, Chs. xviii-xxiii; George Gibbs, Washington and Adams, I, Chs. xiii-xv; II, Chs. i-vi; John T. Morse, Jr., Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Chs. vi, vii; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. vi-x; Henry Flanders, Chief Justices, II (Marshall), Ch. viii ; John C. Hamilton, Republic, VI, Chs. cxxxii-cxxxv; VII, Chs. cxxxvicxlvii; J. T. Austin, Elbridge Gerry, II, Chs. v-viii; C. W. Upham, Timothy Pickering, III, Chs. viii-xii; William Cranch, John Adams; W. H. Trescot, Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams, Ch. iii; C. W. Goldsborough, United States Naval Chronicle, Chs. iii-ix; David D. Porter, Memoir of Commodore David Porter; E. S. Maclay, History of the United States Navy, I, 155-213.

Sources. - DEBATES: Annals of Congress, VII-X; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, II.— DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, I; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, II, Military Affairs, I, Naval Affairs, I, Commerce and Navigation, I; Annals of Congress, Appendices to IX, X; T. B. Waite, State Papers, III, IV; Williams, Statesman's Manual, I; F. Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, §§ 148a, 335.-CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Adams, Works, VIII, IX (Correspondence with Mercy Warren); John Marshall, Life of George Washington, V, Ch. ix; George Washington, Works (Sparks edition), XI, XII, (W. C. Ford edition), XIII, XIV; A. Hamilton,

Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), VI; Lewis Goldsmith, Exposition of the Conduct of France toward America; C. R. King, Rufus King, II; William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, Nos. 21-28; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), IV; C. W. Upham, Timothy Pickering, III, Chs. ix-xi.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VII, 332-337, 417, 418, 475, 518, 519; W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 5–8; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, III, 1127; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 70; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 134; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, § 81.

§ 165. Alien and Sedition Acts, and Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798–1800.

Summary. The states previous to 1798 (§§ 143, 161).— The statutes: 1798, June 18, naturalization act; June 21, alien act; June 27, bank fraud act; July 6, alien enemies act; July 14, sedition act. - Principles involved: freedom of speech and the press; common-law jurisdiction; truth a defense; personal liberty; the president's powers; rightful powers of the states. State resolutions: 1798, November 19, first Kentucky resolutions; 1798, December 21, Virginia resolutions; 1799, November 22, second Kentucky resolutions; 1799, replies of other states; 1800, Madison's report. Principles involved: powers of Congress; arbiter in disputes; "interposition"; "nullification"; ultimate use of force. - Cases under the acts: no aliens expelled; 1798– 1800, Cooper, Callender, and other sedition cases. - Subsequent controversies (§§ 173, 175, 183, 206).

General. A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, I, 56-58; II, 672677, 720; III, 319–321; J. B. McMaster, History, II, 389–403, 417-427, 464–474, 495; J. Schouler, History, I, 393–427; George Tucker, History, II, 73-85; R. Hildreth, History, V, Ch. xii; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Ch. xv; J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 152–160; Henry Adams, John Randolph, Ch. ii; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 185–192.

Special.-H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, Ch. iv; Henry Adams, Albert Gallatin, 189–228; E. D. Warfield, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (?); George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. ii, iii; H. S.

§ 166.]

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

343

Randall, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. ix, x; Griffith McRee, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell, II; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 158, 1288, 1289, 1885, 1886; N. S. Shaler, Kentucky, Ch. x, Appendix A ; J. C. Hamilton, Republic, VII, Chs. cxlvii, cxlviii; R. R. Howison, History of Virginia, II, Ch. vi; C. W. Loring, Nullification, Secession, Ch. iv.

Sources. ·DEBATES: Annals of Congress, VIII, IX; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, II. — DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, I; Annals of Congress, Appendix to IX; American History Leaflets, No. 15; H. W. Preston, Documents, 277-298; J. Elliot, Debates, IV, 528– 582; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), IX, Nos. 39, 47; J. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference, V, 3316–3323. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), IX; James Madison, Writings, II; A. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), VI; William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, No. 29; A. Johnston, Representative American Orations, I, 83 (Nicholas); F. Wharton, State Trials, 322-344, 659-721; W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry, III, 425–428.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VII, 319-334; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, I, 58; II, 677; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 1288, 1289, 1886; W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 6; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 71, 72; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 50.

§ 166. Fall of the Federalists, 1799-1801 Summary. Earlier party relations (§§ 160, 164, 165).— Unpopularity: French war; taxes; Robbins's case; 1799, Fries's insurrection; 1800, judiciary act; 1801, judicial appointments. Internal quarrels: 1799, Cabinet breaks up; 1800, Hamilton's attack on Adams. Election of 1800: Adams and Jefferson; New York Republican; no electoral choice. - Election of 1801: Burr and Jefferson; deadlock; Jefferson elected. Subsequent history of the Federalists (§§ 168, 169, 173, 176).

General. — John T. Morse, Jr., John Adams, 287–330; H. C. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, 221–236, and Thomas Jefferson, 193–208; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 168-183; George Tucker, History, II, Ch. x; R. Hildreth, History, V, Ch. xv ; J. B. McMaster, History, II, 489-537; J. Schouler, History, I, 426-501; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I,

807; II, 165-169; III, 1125; W. G. Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, Ch. xvi; J. Schouler, Thomas Jefferson, Ch. xi; J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 160-175; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. v; Alden Bradford, Federal Government, Ch. v; W. A. Cocke, Constitutional History I, Ch. iv; Hugh A. Garland, John Randolph, I, Ch. xxvi; Henry A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. i; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Ch. xiii; C. A. O'Neil, American Electoral System, Ch. viii; J. Parton, Thomas Jefferson, Chs. lvii-lx.

Special.-F. Wharton, State Trials, 7-48; C. F. Adams, Life of John Adams, II, Ch. x; Henry Adams, Albert Gallatin, 228-266; George Gibbs, Washington and Adams, II, Chs. vi, vii; John T. Morse, Jr., Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Ch. vii; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, II, Ch. iii; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. xi, xii; Henry Flanders, Chief Justices, II (Ellsworth) Chs. xii-xiv, (Marshall) Chs. ix, x; J. C. Hamilton, Republic, VII, Chs. cxlix-clvii; Theodore Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States, I, Ch. viii; William Whitelock, John Jay, Ch. xxii.

Sources. - DEBATES: Annals of Congress, IX-X; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, II. DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, II; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, II, Finance, I, Naval Affairs, I; Annals of Congress, Appendix to X; Williams, Statesman's Manual, I; Treaties and Conventions. — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: John Adams, Works, VIII, IX; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), IV; A. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), V, VII (especially Public Conduct of John Adams); James Madison, Writings, II; William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, Nos. 30, 37; H. C. Lodge, George Cabot, Chs. v-viii; Matthew L. Davis, Aaron Burr, II, Chs. iv, v; DeWitt Clinton, Vindication of Thomas Jefferson; John Jay, Correspondence and Public Papers, IV; F. Wharton, State Trials, 392– 648; J. Sparks, Gouverneur Morris, III, No. 2; Fisher Ames, Works, I. - ELECTION OF 1801: P. Linn, Serious Considerations on the Election of a President; R. H. and J. A. Bayard, Documents Relating to the Presidential Election of 1801.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, VII, 335-337; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 7, 8; A. Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, I, 809; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 73, 74.