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§ 160.]

Political Parties, 1789-1793.

335

General. - F. Wharton, State Trials, 1-7; H. C. Lodge, George Washington, II, Ch. v; J. Sparks, Life of George Washington, Ch. xviii; W. G. Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, Chs. ix, xii; H. C. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, 80-83, 136-152; J. Schouler, Thomas Jefferson, Chs. x, xi; John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson, Chs. viii-x; J. T. Austin, Life of Elbridge Gerry, II, Ch. iv; J. Schouler, History, I, 70–85, 165– 179, 199–244; J. B. McMaster, History, II, 47-58, 85-88; George Tucker, History, I, 445–448, 480-498; R. Hildreth, History, IV, 39–46, 287-301, 331-373, 389-409; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Ch. xii; T. Pitkin, History, II, 352–366; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Chs. i-iii; Alden Bradford, History of the Federal Government, Ch. iii; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Ch. vii; Thomas V. Cooper, American Politics, Book I; J. Parton, Life of Thomas Jefferson, Chs. xliv, xlvixlviii; G. W. Lawton, American Caucus System, Ch. iv; F. W. Dallinger, Nominations for Elective Office in the United States (Harvard Historical Studies, IV).

Special. — PARTY HISTORIES: R. McK. Ormsby, History of the Whig Party, Chs. iii-vi; Martin Van Buren, Inquiry into Political Parties, Chs. i, ii, iv; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, I, Chs. x-xiii; Anson D. Morse, Our Two Great Parties (Political Science Quarterly, VI, VII); Arthur Holmes, Parties and their Principles, Ch. iii; Winsor, America, VII, Ch. v.— - DETAILED ACCOUNTS: John T. Morse, Jr., Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Ch. i; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, I, Ch. xv; II, Chs. i-iii; George Gibbs, Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and Adams, I, Chs. i-iv; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, I, Chs. xiv-xvi; W. C. Rives, James Madison, III; G. M. Dallas, A. J. Dallas, 48–59; Hugh A. Garland, John Randolph, I, Chs. ix-xv; Matthew L. Davis, Aaron Burr, I, Chs. xvi; II, Chs. ii, iii.

Sources.-DEBATES: Annals of Congress and T. H. Benton's Abridg ment, passim. — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: A. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), IV, V, VII (An American Catullus), (H. C. Lodge edition), VI, VIII; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), III, especially 359–365; IX, 87-185, (P. L. Ford edition), V VI; John Adams, Works, VI, (Discourses on Davila), XII; William Maclay, Journal; George Washington, Writings (Sparks edition), X, especially Appendices to XII, XIII, XVI, (W. C. Ford edition), XII, XIII; James Madison, Writings, I; W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry, III, 387-428 (Letters); C. R. King, Rufus King, Chs. xxiii, xxiv; J. C.

Hamilton, Republic, IV, Chs. lx, lxxi-lxxvi (especially 525); James Sullivan, Familiar Letters; Abigail Adams, Letters (2 vols.).

Bibliography. Winsor, America, VII, 294-333; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 3-4; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 56, 57; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 33c.

§ 161. Territorial and Slavery Questions, 1789-1802. Summary. New state constitutions (§ 143): questions under the confederation (§ 161). — New states: 1791, Vermont; 1792, Kentucky; 1796, Tennessee; 1802, Ohio. Land questions : 1790, North Carolina cession; 1794, Yazoo grants; 1800, Western Reserve; 1802, Georgia cession. Territories: 1789, Northwest ordinance (§ 161) confirmed; 1790, "territory south of the Ohio"; 1798, Mississippi territory; 1800, Northwest territory divided. Slavery under the Confederation (§ 161). — Slavery question revived: 1789, question of a tax on the trade ; 1790, memorials; 1793, fugitive slave act; 1794, regulation of the trade. 1793, The cotton gin. Seat of government: 1790, site fixed by compromise (§ 158); selected by Washington; 1800, first occupied; laws of the District of Columbia. — Progress of territorial questions (§§ 168, 176, 178). Progress of slavery questions (§§ 177, 186).

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General. H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 302-325; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 315, 671; III, 461-469, 735, 891, 1061; J. Schouler, History, I, 98-101, 142–150, 179–199; George Tucker, History, I, 407, 431-434, 447, 459, 499-501; J. B. McMaster, History, II, 15-22, 144-165, 284–286, 476–489; III, Ch. xvi; R. Hildreth, History, IV, 174-206, 225-240, 267-272, 326-330, 384-387, 622-644; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, I, Chs. v-vii; S. H. Gay, James Madison, 159– 171; Winsor, America, VII, Appendix 1; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. vi; R. McK. Ormsby, Whig Party, Ch. viii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Ch. xvi; St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries, II, Note E.

Special. - SLAVERY: William Goodell, Slavery and Anti-Slavery, Chs. xix, xxii; T. R. R. Cobb, Historical Sketch of Slavery, Ch. x; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, §§ 16–35; George W. Williams, History of the Negro Race in America, I, Ch. xxxi; II, Ch. i; Mary

§ 162.]

Territory and Slavery.

337

Tremain, Slavery in the District of Columbia (University of Nebraska, Publications); W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the Slave Trade (Harvard Historical Studies, I).-For slavery in the states, see § 152.TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS: Shosuke Sato, Public Land Question, 121– 143; C. H. Haskins, Yazoo Land Companies (American Historical Association, Papers, V, 395–437); Thomas Donaldson, Public Domain, Chs. iii-v; G. E. Howard, Local Constitutional History, I, 408-425; B. A. Hinsdale, The Old Northwest, Chs. xvi-xix. - For state histories, see § 23.

Sources. DEBATES: Annals of Congress, I-XI; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, I, II. — DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, I; Annals of Congress, Appendices to I-XI; Thomas Donaldson, Public Domain; American History Leaflets, No. 22; American State Papers, Public Lands, I, Miscellaneous, I; B. P. Poore, Charters and Constitutions. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: W. Winterbotham, Historical, Geographical, Commercial, and Philosophical View of the American United States (4 vols.); W. H. Smith, St. Clair Papers, II; Jedidiah Morse, American Geography; John Pope, Tour through the Southern and Western Territories; La Rochefoucauld, Travels through the United States. - For other travels, see § 24.

Bibliography.-T. M. Cooley, Story's Commentaries, § 1916, Note I; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Appendix E; Mary Tremain, Slavery in the District of Columbia, 98-100; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 61, 64; W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the Slave Trade, Appendix D.

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§ 162. Foreign Relations, 1793-1797.

Summary. France: 1778, treaties (§ 139); 1788, consular convention (§ 162); 1789, revolution; 1793, neutrality declared; 1793, Genet episode; 1794, Monroe episode; 1796, Pinckney episode. Spain: 1786, Mississippi question (§ 163); 1795, treaty of the Escurial. - England: 1789, outstanding questions under the treaty of 1783 (§ 162); 1793, outbreak of war with France; 1794, aggressions on neutral trade; impressments; war threatened; 1794, Jay's treaty; 1795, Jay's treaty opposed; "Despatch No. 10"; 1796, treaty accepted by the House; posts surrendered. Barbary powers: treaties of tribute (§ 167). — Later controversies (§§ 168, 170-172).

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General.-H. C. Lodge, George Washington, II, Ch. iv; George Pellew, John Jay, Ch. x; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 107– 137; J. B. McMaster, History, II, 89-144, 165-188, 212-289; R. Hildreth, History, IV, 132-137, 411-443, 451-497, 516-520, 539–615; J. Schouler, History, I, Ch. iii; J. Sparks, George Washington, Chs. xviii, xix; T. Pitkin, History, II, Ch. xxi-xxv; George Tucker, History, I, Chs. vii, viii; Henry Adams, Albert Gallatin, 151-189; J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 104-125, 153-175; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 327-331; Hugh A. Garland, John Randolph, I, Chs. xvi-xviii; T. Roosevelt, Gouverneur Morris, Chs. vii-x; D. C. Gilman, James Monroe, Ch. iii ; Appendix II; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Chs. xiii, xiv; H. C. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, 153–175, 188-194; Justin Winsor, America, VII, Ch. vii; Alden Bradford, History of the Federal Government, Chs. iii, iv; W. A. Cocke, Constitutional History of the United States, Chs. iii; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Chs. viii-x; J. Parton, Thomas Jefferson, Chs. xlv, xlvi, xlix, 1.

Special. W. H. Trescot, Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams, Chs. ii-iv; Theodore Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States, I, Ch. vi, vii; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, I, Chs. xvii–xxi; Henry Flanders, Chief Justices, I, Chs. xiv, xv (Jay); II, Ch. x (Ellsworth); William Whitelock, John Jay, Chs. xviii-xx; William Jay, John Jay, I, Chs. viii-x; John T. Morse, Jr., Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Chs. iii, v; William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, Nos. 1222; C. F. Adams, John Adams, II, Ch. ix; George Gibbs, Washington and Adams, I, Chs. iv, v, viii-xii; J. C. Hamilton, Republic, V, VI; W. Irving, Life of Washington, V, Chs. xix-xxx; C. W. Upham, Timothy Pickering, III, Chs. v-vii; C. R. King, Rufus King, I, Chs. xxiv-xxxii; II, Chs. ix-xi; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, II, Chs. iii-vi; M. D. Conway, Edmund Randolph; Matthew L. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, I, Ch. xviii; C. D. Hazen, Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, XIII).

Sources. - DEBATES: Annals of Congress, III-VI; T. H. Benton, Abridgment of Debates, I. — DOCUMENTS: Statutes at Large, I; Annals of Congress, III-VI, Appendices; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, I; Annals of Congress, VI, Appendix; Williams, Statesman's Manual, I; Treaties and Conventions; F. Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, §§ 78, 79, 84, 131a, 137, 150a; Matthew Carey, Remembrancer. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: George Washington, Writings (Sparks edition), X-XII; (W. C. Ford edition),

§ 163.]

Foreign Affairs, 1793–1797.

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XII, XIII; Fisher Ames, Works, I, II; Speeches in Congress; A. Johnston, Representative American Orations, I, 64 (Fisher Ames); E. B. Williston, Eloquence of the United States, I; Gouverneur Morris, Diary and Letters, I, Chs. xxiii-xxvi; II, Chs. xxvii-xxx; John Jay, Correspondence and Public Papers, IV; A. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), IV, especially 355-406; V, VII (Pacificus and Camillus), Works (H. C. Lodge edition), IV; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), III, IV, IX, (P. L. Ford edition), VI; James Monroe, View of the Conduct of the Executive; John Trumbull, Autobiography, Chs. xii-xiv; William Cobbett, Porcupine's Works, II; William Jay, John Jay, I, Chs. viii, x; II, 197–281; John Marshall, George Washington, V, Chs. vi-viii; James Madison, Writings, I (Helvidius), II; J. Sparks, Gouverneur Morris, II, III; Edmund Randolph, Vindication of Mr. Randolph's Resignation; F. Wharton, State Trials, 49-89 (Henfield Case); G. M. Dallas, A. J. Dallas, 160–210.

Bibliography.-J. Winsor, America, VII, 361, 467-471, 514-517 ; W. E. Foster, References to Presidential Administrations, 4; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 638; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists. §§ 66-69; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 129–131.

wars.

§ 163. Internal Disturbances, 1790-1794.

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Summary. - Causes: Indian lands; spread of democracy (§ 160); frontier life (§ 161); French example; "democratic clubs (§ 163). -Indian wars: 1790, Miami expedition; 1791, St. Clair defeated; 1793, 1794, Wayne's campaign ; 1795, Georgia Whiskey Rebellion: 1790, first excise; 1792, revision; violence; act for summoning militia; 1794, July, armed outbreak; August 7, President's proclamation; October, military expedition; 1795, treason trials; pardons; Washington on "selfconstituted societies"; 1795, second act for summoning militia. — Troubles with Georgia: 1793, Chisholm case; 1795, Indians; Yazoo repeal (§ 161). Later controversies (§§ 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 183, 198, 202, 208, 213).

General. H. C. Lodge, George Washington, II, 81-103, 119-128, and Alexander Hamilton, 175-187; R. Hildreth, History, IV, 137-147, 244249, 281-287, 304, 310, 373-384, 443-446, 498-531, 565; J. B. McMaster, History, I, 593-604; II, 42-47, 67-72, 189-206; T. Pitkin, History,

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