§ 155.]

Ratification of the Constitution.

§ 155. Ratification of the Constitution, 1787-1790.

325

Summary. Action of Congress: September 18, 1787, Constitution transmitted. - Popular feeling objections; arguments in favor; arguments against; Federalists organize; Anti-Federalists organize; the "Foederalist."— Stages of ratification: (1) calling conventions; (2) choosing delegates; (3) debates in conventions; (4) acts of ratification. Progress of ratification: 1787, December 7, to 1788, January 9, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut (five states); 1788, February 7 to June 21, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire (nine states); June 26, Virginia (tenth); July 26, New York (eleventh); 1789, November 21, North Carolina (twelfth); 1790, May 29, Rhode Island (thirteenth). — Proposed amendments: 1789, amendments submitted by Congress.

General. — T. Pitkin, History, II, 264–291; R. Hildreth, History, III, Ch. xlviii; S. F. Miller, Lectures on the Constitution, Lect. i; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutional Law, I, Lect. iii; M. C. Tyler, Patrick Henry, Chs. xviii, xix; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Ch. ix; John T. Morse, Jr., Life of Alexander Hamilton, I, 238-275; George Van Santvoord, Chief Justices, I, 37-50, 195-198, 262-264; William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, 19-35; A. H. Everett, Patrick Henry (Library of American Biography, Second Series, I), Ch. vii; B. A. Hinsdale, American Government, Pt. i, Chs. x, xi; F. A. Walker, Making of the Nation, Ch. iv. - See §§ 142, 154, 156, 157.

Special.-H. B. Dawson, The Federalist, Introduction; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, I, Chs. xxxiii-xxxvi (History of the Constitution, II, 491–604); George Bancroft, History (last revision), VI, 371– 462 (History of the Constitution, II, 225-350); Joseph Story, Commentaries, §§ 277-279; J. C. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, III, Chs. xlix-liv; C. J. Stillé, John Dickinson, Ch. vii; J. B. McMaster, History, I, Ch. v; W. C. Rives, James Madison, II, Chs. xxxiii–xxxvi ; Kate M. Rowland, George Mason, II, Chs. vi-viii; Charles Borgeaud, Adoption and Amendment of Constitutions, 15-20, 131-136, 175-191; John Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. vii; P. C. Centz (pseud.), Republic of Republics, 74-156; J. A. Jameson, Constitutional Conventions; J. F. Jameson, Essays, No. 2. PARTICULAR STATES: J. B. McMaster, and F. D. Stone, Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution; J. B.

Walker, Birth of the Federal Constitution, A History of the New Hampshire Convention; B. K. Peirce and C. Hale, Debates in the Convention of Massachusetts (1856); S. B. Harding, Ratification of the Federal Constitution by the State of Massachusetts (Harvard Historical Studies, II); Debates and Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia; J. Elliot, Debates, II-IV; G. H. Hollister, History of Connecticut, II, Ch. xix (see also § 23); A. W. Clason, Seven Conventions; J. T. Austin, Elbridge Gerry, II, Chs. ii, iii; C. R. King, Rufus King, I, Chs. xvi, xix; H. C. Lodge, George Cabot, 24-33; W. V. Wells, Samuel Adams, III, 248–282; J. D. Hammond, History of Political Parties in the State of New York, I, Ch. i; W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry, II, Chs. Xxxvi-xxxix.

Sources. - TEXT OF RATIFICATION ORDINANCES: Originals in Department of State; Official reprints in Bureau of Rolls and Library, Bulletin, No. 5; Unofficial reprints in J. Elliot, Debates, I, 319–339 ; H. Niles, Weekly Register, XLIII, Supplement, p. 44; P. C. Centz (pseud.), Republic of Republics, App. C, No. 2; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, §§ 85, 86.- DEBATES: See special authorities above, and J. Elliot, Debates, II-IV; George Washington, Writings (Sparks edition), IX, 265–492; James Madison, Writings, I, 342-409, and Papers, II, 615-682; John Jay, Correspondence and Public Papers, III, 260, 362; A. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), I, 428-491, (H. C. Lodge edition), I, 413-535; G. Bancroft, History of the Constitution, II, Appendix, passim; W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry, III, 432-600; P. C. Centz (pseud.), Republic of Republics, Appendices A, C; Joel Tiffany, Treatise on Government, Appendix, Nos. 13-17; E. B. Williston, Eloquence of the United States, I; H. Niles, Weekly Register, XLIII, Supplement.

Bibliography. —P. L. Ford, Bibliography and Reference List, and Pamphlets, 437-441; Winsor, America, VII, 257-260; W. E. Foster, References to the Constitution, 17, 18; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 278, 279; J. G. Barnwell, Reading Notes on the Constitution, p. vi; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 53, 54; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 610.

Summary.

§ 156. Theories of the Constitution.

Theories of origin is the Union older than the states? (§§ 136, 143); were the states sovereign under the confederation? (§§ 143, 149); did the states surrender sovereignty in

§ 156.]

Theories of the Constitution.

327

ratification? (§ 155).- Theories of ratification: (1) by states; (2) by the people in independent communities; (3) by the people in each of the states; (4) by the people of the United States : (5) by general assent; (6) by the people in their constitutionmaking capacity. — Theories of federal relations: (1) a league; (2) a compact; (3) an instrument of government; (4) an indissoluble league of indestructible states. Theories of dissolution: (1) interposition (§ 165); (2) nullification (§ 184); (3) secession (§ 207); (4) revolution (§§ 209, 210).

General. - T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, Ch. ii; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 47-63, and Constitutional Law, §§ 1-5; Joel Tiffany, Treatise on Government, Ch. vi; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Ch. xv; G. Bancroft, History (last revision), VI, 441-451 (History of the Constitution, II, 321-335); James Bryce, American Commonwealth, I, Ch. ii-iv; E. Boutmy, Studies in Constitutional Law, Pt. ii; J. W. Burgess, Political Science, I, 49–89, 98-108, 142-154; II, 17– 21; James Bayard, Brief Exposition of the Constitution, 159–165; Henry Baldwin, General View, passim; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, §§ 90-153; Crane and Moses, Politics, Ch. xi; T. M. Cooley, Treatise on Constitutional Limitations, Ch. ii; T. Farrar, Manual of the Constitution, §§ 48-63; C. W. Loring, Nullification, Secession, Chs. ii, iii; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 788-802; J. F. Baker, Federal Constitution, Chs. iv, v; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 93-95; F. Wharton, Commentaries, § 371.—See §§ 154, 155, 157, 159, 165, 184, 208.

Special. J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 306–372, 463; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutional Law, I, Lects. iv-vii; J. C. Hurd, Theory of our National Existence, Ch. iv; John Quincy Adams, Jubilee of the Constitution, 1-70, 116-120; Jefferson Davis, Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, I, Pt. ii; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, I, Chs. iii-ix; P. C. Centz (pseud.), Republic of Republics, 41-69, 159270.- QUESTION OF RATIFICATION: State theories: P. C. Centz (pseud.), Republic of Republics, 137-156; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, §§ 86a, 102-114, 134; H. Baldwin, General View, 18-26. "People" theories: The Federalist (Dawson edition), No. 38; Webster, in Elliot's Debates, IV, 496-509.- STATUS OF NON-RATIFYING STATES: J. Story, Commentaries, § 479, 1849; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, § 81-86; F. Wharton, Commentaries, § 368; W. R. Staples, Rhode Island in the Continental Congress; H. Von Holst,

Constitutional Law, § 4; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 695, 792, 793. — LEAGUE AND COMPACT THEORIES: J. Story, Commentaries, § 321-330, 349-372; Webster, in Benton's Abridgment, XII, 103; Tucker, in Story's Commentaries, §§ 310-319; P. C. Centz (pseud.), Republic of Republics, 59-69, 561-571; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 116–120, 477-485; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 134–140; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, 38-41.—INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT THEORY: J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 339, 340; J. Kent, Commentaries, I, 201; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 17-21; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, 285, 286. — State SoVEREIGNTY THEORY: J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 788-800; P. C. Centz (pseud.), Republic of Republics, 325– 339; St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries, Appendix, note D; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 116–147, 465–496; II, 21–24; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 141-156; J. C. Hurd, Theory of our National Existence, 116–141; H. Baldwin, General View. - NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY THEORY: J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 350363, 380-383; J. A. Jameson, National Sovereignty (Political Science Quarterly, V, 193-213); Daniel Webster, Works (see below).

Sources. Illustrative cases in J. B. Thayer, Cases on Constitutional Law, I, especially Ch. iii; J. Marshall, Writings, passim. Discussions, in J. C. Calhoun, Works, II, 262-309; Webster, in Elliot, Debates, IV, 496–509, 516–518, and in Johnston, Representative American Orations, I, 228; Hayne, in J. Elliot, Debates, IV, 509–516; P. C. Centz (pseud.), Republic of Republics, 524-527.

Bibliography.-Justin Winsor, America, VII, 261–266; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 47; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 800; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, §§ 45, 46, 49, 50, 57, 62, 66, 68. — See §§ 183, 205.

XVII.

ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT.

§ 157. Organization of the three Departments of Government, 1789-1793.

Summary. Precedents: English (§ 146); colonial governments (§ 147); state governments (§ 143); Continental Congress (§ 137); Confederation (§ 149).· Preliminaries: 1788, expiration of the Confederation; 1788-89, first national elections; place of meeting. The legislative department: 1789, April 1, 6, two houses organized; June 1, first Act; question of instructions; salaries; relations with the president; relations with the cabinet ; speaker; committees ; leaders. - Executive department: 1789, April 30, inauguration of Washington; novelty of the office; question of title; ceremonies; appointments; question of removal of officers; 1792, April 5, first veto; 1795, question of submitting papers. Executive heads: practice of the confederation; creation of heads of departments; Washington's cabinet; questions of patronage. Judiciary department: previous federal courts; 1789, September 24, judiciary act; supreme court; inferior courts; attorney general; appointments of judges; question of appeal jurisdiction; extra judicial opinions; 1793, first great decision.

General. — H. C. Lodge, George Washington, II, 40–81; J. B. McMaster, History, I, 525-568; C. F. Adams, John Adams, 438-458; T. Pitkin, History, II, Ch. xx; R. Hildreth, History, IV, Chs. i, ii, iv, vi; John T. Morse, Jr., Life of Alexander Hamilton, I, Ch. vii, and John Adams, Ch. x; J. Schouler, Thomas Jefferson, Ch. x, and History, I, 74-130; G. Bancroft, United States (last revision), VI, 463-474 (History of the Constitution, II, 351–367); J. Sparks, George Washington, I, Ch. xvi; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 587, 804; II, 132, 192, 474, 527, 567, 648, 660, 663, 992; III, 310, 702, 933, 1087; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Ch. x; T. W. Higginson, Larger History, Ch. xiii; George