Bibliography. Winsor, America, VII, 223, 235, 236, 483, and Reader's Hand-Book, 41, 242, 243, 274; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, No. 37; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 199. Notes to Curtis, Bancroft, and in special authorities above.

§ 152. Slavery Questions under the Confederation,

1774-1787.

Taxa

- Negro

. Summary. National questions: slaves as prizes; fugitives; Indian treaties; clause in Northwest ordinance (§ 150). tion: 1776, debate; 1777; unsettled by the Articles. troops. Trade: ee Association of 1774; Jefferson's draft of 1776: state prohibitions. — Territorial: 1784, Jefferson's proposition; 1785, King's proposition; 1787, Northwest ordinance (see § 150). — Emancipation movement: societies; Southern sentiment; European sentiment. — Emancipation accomplished: 1777, Vermont; 1780, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania; 1783, New Hampshire; 1784, Rhode Island and Connecticut; 1799, New York; 1804, New Jersey.

General. - Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 273-301; J. F. Jameson, Essays on the Constitutional History of the United States, No. V ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 3; III, 727, 973; Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, I, Chs. ii-iv; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. iii, iv; T. R. R. Cobb, Historical Sketch of Slavery, Ch. xi; G. Bancroft, History (last revision), VI, 116–118 (History of the Constitution, I, 192); J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Chs. xiv, xvii; W. Goodell, Slavery and Anti-slavery, Chs. vii-xi; James Schouler, Life of Thomas Jefferson, Ch. viii; Van Santvoord, Chief Justices, 179195; R. Hildreth, United States, III, 390-395, 509; IV, 174-177.- See §§ 148, 161, 178.

Special. -T. M. Cooley, Story's Commentaries, § 1916; C. R. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, I, Chs. vi, xv; William F. Poole, Anti-slavery Opinions before 1800; Samuel M. Janney, History of the Society of Friends, III, Ch. xv; W. E. B. DuBois, Slave Trade (Harvard Historical Studies, No. 1); G. W. Williams, History of the Negro Race, I, Chs. xxvi-xxxi; B. A. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, Ch. xviii; Shosuke Sato, Public Land Questions, 88-99 (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, IV, Nos. 7-9); Cutlers, Life of Manasseh Cutler;

§ 153.]

Slavery and Commerce.

321

G. H. Moore, Notes on Slavery in Massachusetts, Chs. viii-x; B. C. Steiner, Slavery in Connecticut, 24-45; Jeffrey R. Brackett, Status of the Slave in Maryland; M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, §§ 13, 14; J. F. Jameson, Essays. - See § 148.

Sources. Ordinances of Congress in Journals of Congress; State Statutes in collections enumerated in § 29; early state constitutions in Poore, Charters and Constitutions; George Livermore, Historical Research respecting the Opinions of the Founders of the Republic. — See § 148.

Bibliography.— Winsor, America, VII, 325, 326; Goodell, Slavery and Anti-slavery, 90–97; T. M. Cooley, Story's Commentaries, § 1916; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Appendix E; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 62, 63; W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the Slave Trade, Appendix F.

§ 153. Foreign and Commercial Relations of the
Confederation. 1783-1789.

Summary. Great Britain: Western posts; negroes; loyalists; debts; navigation laws; West Indian trade; discriminations; Adams's mission. Spain boundary; : Mississippi navigation; negotiations of 1786; threats of the West. France: 1778, treaties (§ 139); 1788, consular convention. — Minor treaties. Status of states: irregular action; interstate obstacles; 1784, commerce amendment (§ 154); 1785, Monroe's proposition.

--

General. (See §§ 138, 141, 162.) HISTORIES: McMaster, United States, I, Chs. iii, iv; T. Pitkin, United States, II, Ch. xvii; R. Hildreth, History, III, Ch. xlvi; W. E. H. Lecky, England (English edition), IV, 266. BIOGRAPHIES: William Whitelock, John Jay, Ch. xiv; George Pellew, John Jay, Ch. ix; John T. Morse, Jr., John Adams, Ch. ix, and Thomas Jefferson, Ch. vii; J. T. Austin, Elbridge Gerry, I, Ch. xxv ; M. C. Tyler, Patrick Henry, Ch. xvii; Kate M. Rowland, George Mason, II, Ch. iii; S. F. Miller, Lectures on the Constitution, 48-55; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 207, 574.

Special. HISTORIES: G. Bancroft, History (last revision), VI, 27166, passim (History of the Constitution, I, 33-227, passim); J. C. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Chs. xx-xxiii; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, I, Chs. xi, xiii (History of the Constitution.

I, 249-290); John Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. iv. DIPLOMATIC AUTHORITIES: F. Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States, II, Ch. vi; W. C. Fisher, American Trade Regulations before 1789 (American Historical Association, Papers, III, 467-496); F. Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, passim; Eugene Schuyler, American Diplomacy, 265-281. ECONOMIC AUTHORITIES: W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, II, Chs. xxii, xxiii; William Hill, First Stages of the Tariff Policy (American Economic Association, Publications, VIII, No. 6, Chs. i-iii. BIOGRAPHIES: Henry Flanders, Chief Justices (Jay), I, Ch. xiii; William Jay, John Jay, I, 183–254; W. C. Rives, James Madison, II, Chs. xxi– xxiv, xxvi; C. R. King, Rufus King, I, Chs. iii, iv, ix, x; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, I, Chs. xi, xii; C. F. Adams, John Adams, II, Ch. viii; George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, I, Chs. viii-xi; J. Schouler, Thomas Jefferson, Ch. ix; W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry, II, Chs. xxxiii, xxxiv.

Sources. Instructions and ordinances of Congress in Journals of Congress and Secret Journals; Treaties and Conventions (1778–1788); John Jay, Correspondence and Public Papers, III, 167–224; Alexander Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), I, (Lodge edition) I, 203315; Thomas Jefferson, Writings, I, 338-607, II; James Madison, Writings, I, passim, and Papers, I; George Washington, Writings (Sparks edition), VIII, IX, passim (especially IX, 501-510); John Adams, Works, III, 353-406 (Diary, 1783–87), VIII (correspondence); Benjamin Franklin, Works (Bigelow edition), VII-IX, passim; G. Bancroft, History of the Constitution, Appendices to I, II, passim; Noah Webster, Sketches of American Policy; Pelatiah Webster, Dissertation on the Political Union.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VII, 199-235, passim; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 38, 39.

§ 154. The Federal Convention of 1787.

Summary. Proposed amendments of the Confederation: 1781, five per cent (§ 151); 1783, revenue (§ 151); 1784, commerce (§ 153); 1785–86, minor schemes. Call: 1785, Massachusetts proposition; 1786, Annapolis Convention; 1787, February 21, call by Congress. — Choice of delegates : principal members. Convention place; 1787, May 25, organizes; plans submitted;

§ 154-]

Federal Convention of 1787.

323

May 30 to June 13, first general debate; June 19 to July 26, second general debate; August 7 to September 8, debate on detail. - September 12 to 15, Committee on style; September 17, signatures. Difficulties: authority; sources; first compromise (representation in Congress); second compromise (slave representation); third compromise (slave trade).

General. - HISTORIES: R. Hildreth, History, III, Ch. xlvii ; T. Pitkin, United States, II, Ch. xviii; T. W. Higginson, Larger History, 293-308; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, I, 234–256 (History of the Constitution, I, 347-379); Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 86–103; J. K. Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon Freedom, Ch. xv; J. Schouler, History, I, Ch. i, Sect. ii; J. S. Landon, Constitutional History, 59-96; F. A. Walker, Making of the Nation, Chs. ii, iii; Justin Winsor, America, VII, Ch. iv; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 637–640. · BIOGRAPHIES: John T. Morse, Jr., Alexander Hamilton, I, Ch. vi, and Benjamin Franklin, Ch. xv; W. G. Sumner, Financier and Finances of the Revolution, II, Ch. xxviii; Kate M. Rowland, George Mason, II, Chs. iv, v; Wm. Jay, John Jay, I, 254-270; H. C. Lodge, George Washington, II, Ch. i; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Ch. iv-viii; T. Roosevelt, Gouverneur Morris, Ch. vi; Van Santvoord, Chief Justices, 179-195, 252-262; W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry, II, Ch. xxxv. STATE HISTORIES (see also 23) J. S. Barry, Massachusetts, II, Chs. vi, vii; J. T. Scharf, Maryland, II, Ch. xxxi; R. R. Howison, Virginia, II, Ch. v. — - CONSTITUTIONAL TREATISES: J. A. Jameson, Constitutional Conventions; John Ordronaux, Constitutional Legislation, Ch. ii; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutional Law, I, Lects. i, ii; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 79-81; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, §§ 80, 81; J. W. Burgess, Political Science, I, 98-108; T. Farrar, Manual of the Constitution, §§ 5-23; B. A. Hinsdale, American Government, Pt. i, Chs. vii-ix; R. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, Ch. xii; J. P. Thompson, Lectures on the Centennial of American Independence, Lect. iii; J. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference, V, 3296–3301.See also §§ 142, 155-157.

Special. H. L. Carson, History of the Celebration of the One Hundreth Anniversary of the Promulgation of the Constitution (2 vols.); J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 272–276; J. C. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, [or Republic], III, Chs. xlv-xlviii; C. R. King, Rufus King, I, Chs. xi-xiv; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, I, Chs. xv-xxxii (History of the Constitution, I, 328–488; II, 1–488); W. C. Rives, James

Madison, II, Chs. xxv-xxxii; James H. Robinson, Original and Derived Features of the Constitution (American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, I, 203-243); O. G. Libby, Geographical Distribution of the Vote of the Thirteen States (University of Wisconsin, Bulletin, I, No. 1); G. Bancroft, United States (last revision), VI, 177–276, 292-367 (History of the Constitution, I, 242–278; II, 1–97, 119–222); J. B. McMaster, History, I, Ch. iv, and Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution; John Fiske, Critical Period, Chs. v, vi; J. T. Austin, Life of Elbridge Gerry, II, Ch. i; C. Ellis Stevens, Sources of the Constitution, Chs. ii-iv, vi; Henry Sumner Maine, Popular Government, Essay iv; Charles Ingersoll, Fears for Democracy, Ch. ii.

Sources. Journal of the Convention, in several editions, also in J. Elliot, Debates, I, 120-508, official reprints in Bureau of Rolls and Library, Bulletin, No. 3 (Journal), Nos. 1, 3, 5 (Papers). — Madison's Notes in Madison Papers, II, 685-1242; J. Madison, Letters and Other Writings, I, 278-342, passim; George Washington, Writings (Sparks edition), IX, 219–265, 510-558; Alex. Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), I, 393–456, (Lodge edition), I, 319-409; John Jay, Correspondence and Public Papers, III, 221-259; Benjamin Franklin, Works (Bigelow edition), IX, 395-484; Thomas Jefferson, Writings (H. A. Washington edition), I, 78–82; G. Bancroft, History of the Constitution, II, Appendix. — REPRINTS in Joel Tiffany, Treatise on Government, Appendix, Nos. 5-12; W. Hickey, Constitution of the United States (1854), 153-189; P. L. Ford, Essays on the Constitution, and Pamphlets on the Constitution. — TEXT OF THE CONSTITUTION: Original engrossed copy in Department of State; verbatim reprints from the MS. in The Constitution of the United States with the Amendments (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1891), and in American History Leaflets, No. 8.

Bibliography. - P. L. Ford, Bibliography and Reference List of the Constitution; Winsor, America, VII, 226, 256-263; W. E. Foster, References to the Constitution, 14-21; J. G. Barnwell, Reading Notes on the Constitution; John Fiske, Critical Period, 351-356; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 42-46; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 128, 129; Bureau of Rolls and Library, Bulletins (Calendars of Jefferson and Madison Papers); A. B. Hart, Introduction to Federal Government, §§ 38, 469, and Revised Suggestions, § 45.