§ 148.] Colonial Social Institutions and Slavery. 315

Special. William B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, II, Chs. xii, xv, xxi; R. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia; Johns Hopkins University, Studies, as follows: S. B. Weeks, Religious Development in North Carolina, and Church and State in North Carolina (X, Nos. 5, 6 and XI, Nos. 5, 6); A. C. Appelgarth, Quakers in Pennsylvania (X, Nos. 8, 9). — SLAVERY : J. C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, §§ 180-230; William Poole, Anti-slavery Opinions before 1800; G. W. Williams, History of the Negro Race, I, Chs. xiixxv; W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the Slave Trade (Harvard Historical Studies, No. 1); Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves (Radcliffe Monographs, No. 3), Ch. i; S. M. Janney, History of the Religious Society of Friends, III, Chs. vii, ix, xi; T. R. R. Cobb, Historical Sketch of Slavery, Ch. ix; Monographs in the Johns Hopkins University, Studies, as follows: B. C. Steiner, History of Slavery in Connecticut (XI, Nos. 9, 10, pp. 7–23); J. C. Ballagh, White Servitude in Virginia (XIII, Nos. 6, 7); Jeffrey R. Brackett, Negro in Maryland (Extra Vol. VI); E. V. Morgan, Slavery in New York (American Historical Association, Papers, V, No. 4); Needles, Slavery in Pennsylvania; [P. L. Ford], Washington as an Employer and Importer of Labor; Charles Deane, Letters and Documents relating to Slavery in Massachusetts; G. H. Moore, History of Slavery in Massachusetts, Chs. i-vii.

Sources. Statutes, in the various colonial collections, see § 29.Extracts from the colonial slave laws in McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Appendix A, and W. E. B. DuBois, Slave-Trade, Apps. - Contemporary account of life in the colonies: Samuel Sewall, Diary and Letter Books. — On Slavery: John Woolman's Journal (edited by J. G. Whittier); Benjamin Fay, Treatise on Slave-keeping; Samuel Sewall, Joseph Sold by his Brethren.

Bibliography. - Footnotes to H. C. Lodge, English Colonies; Epochs of American History, I, §§ 17, 39, 74, 90; II, § 1; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 2, 62; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 105-109; M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Appendix E; W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the Slave Trade, Appendix E.

XVI. CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION.

§ 149. Government of the Confederation, 1781–1788.

Summary. The states: constitutional government (§ 143); relations with the Union (§§ 150, 151, 153). — Congress : places of meeting; length of service; procedure; president. — Executive department: board system; superintendents of finance and foreign affairs; boards resumed. Courts: arbitration; piracies and felonies; Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture. - Inefficiency of the system: lack of attendance; nine states rule; insufficient powers; too much concentration in Congress.

General. H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, I, 26-46; S. F. Miller, Lectures on the Constitution, 35–48; G. Bancroft, History (last revision), VI, 1-23 (History of the Constitution, I, 1–28); Winsor, America, VII, Ch. iii; J. B. McMaster, History, I, Ch. ii; James Kent, Commentaries on American Law, I, 201-219; J. Sparks, Life of George Washington, Ch-xv; George Tucker, History, I, 291–347; J. Schouler, History, I, Ch. i, Sect. i; E. Channing, The United States, Ch. iv; W. A. Duer, Constitutional Jurisprudence, 1-25; John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson, Ch. vi, and Life of Alexander Hamilton, I, Ch. iv; J. K. Hosmer, Samuel Adams, Ch. xxii; S. H. Gay, James Madison, Ch. iii; John Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. iii; William Sullivan, Familiar Letters, 1-18; B. A. Hinsdale, American Government, Ch. vi; O. W. B. Peabody, Life of John Sullivan, Ch. ix; Abiel Holmes, Annals of America, 349-371; J. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference, V, 3280, 3289-3296. See §§ 124, 134-137, 142, 150-1 54.

Special. G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History of the United States, Chs. vi, xii (History of the Constitution, I, 142-151, 260–274); J. F. Jameson, Essays on the Constitutional History of the United States, Nos. i, iii; J. C. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Ch. xxxvi; H. L. Carson, The Supreme Court, I, Chs. iii-vii; Henry Flanders, Life and Times of the Chief Justices, I, Rutledge, Ch. xii · James T. Austin, Life of Elbridge Gerry, I, Chs. xxii-xxvii.

§ 150.]

The Government.

317

Sources.-Journals of Congress, VII-XIII; Secret Journals of Congress, IV; Alexander Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton, editor), I, (Lodge edition), I, 203-315; George Washington, Writings (Sparks edition), VIII, IX, passim; James Madison, Papers, I, II (especially notes of debates in I, 187-467; II, 581-614); J. Elliot, Debates, I; W. Hickey, Constitution of the United States, 129-150; W. H. Henry, Patrick Henry, III, 245-385; John Adams, Defence of the Constitutions of Government. For lives and writings of other public men, see §§ 25,

32, 33.

Bibliography.

Bureau of Rolls and Library, Bulletin, No. 1 (Catalogue of the papers of Congress); Footnotes to Curtis, Bancroft, and McMaster; Winsor, America; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 44 ; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 117-119.

§ 150. Territorial Questions under the Confederation,

1781-1787.

Summary. 1783, Exterior boundaries (see § 152): controversies with England and Spain; question of frontier posts. — Acquisitions of territory: Northwest cessions by New York (1781), Virginia (1784), Massachusetts (1784), Connecticut (1786, 1800); Southwest cessions by South Carolina (1787), North Carolina (1790), and Georgia (1802). — Administration : resolution of 1780; Jefferson's ordinance of 1784; question of slavery (see § 152); Grayson's ordinance of 1785. — Northwest ordinance of 1787: authors; occasion; slavery clause (see § 152). - Western settlements to 1782: proposed new states.

General. - R. Hildreth, History, III, Chs. xliv, xlvi, xlviii; G. Bancroft, History (last revision), VI, 14-16, 81, 96, 104, 115–118, 125–135, 165, 166, 277–291; (History of the Constitution, I, 16–18, 83, 154–159, 168– 183, 291–299; II, 98–118, 225–227); G. T. Curtis, History of the Constitution, I, 124–141, 291–311 (Constitutional History, I, Chs. v, xiv); J. B. McMaster, History, I, 151–167, 260, 504; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 191; III, 31-34, 914, 918; T. Pitkin, History, II, 19-36; J. Story, Commentaries, 221-228; John Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. v; H. Gannett, Boundaries of the United States, 24-38; S. F. Miller, Lectures on the Constitution, 55-58. — See §§ 142, 143, 161, 168.

Special. LAND CESSIONS: Joseph Blunt, Historical Sketch, Ch. iii; H. B. Adams, Maryland's Influence in Founding a National Com

monwealth (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, III, No. 1); B. A. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, Chs. ix-xiv ; J. C. Welling, State Rights Conflict over the Public Lands (American Historical Association, Papers, III, 411, 434); Kate M. Rowland, Life of George Mason, I, Chs. ix, x ; J. C. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, II, Ch. xxx; R. R. Howison, History of Virginia, II, Ch. v; Shosuke Sato, History of the Land Question, 22-70 (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, IV, Nos. 7-9); J. C. Scharf, History of Maryland, II, Ch. xxvii. — NORTHWEST ORDINANCE: W. P. Cutler, Ordinance of 1787; C. R. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, I, Chs. ii, v, viii, xv; Edward Coles, History of the Ordinance (Pennsylvania Historical Society); John M. Merriam, Legislative History of the Ordinance (American Antiquarian Society); S. Dunn, Indiana, 177-218; B. A. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, Chs. xv, xvi; Shosuke Sato, Land Questions in the United States, 88-120 (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, IV, Nos. 7-9); H. B. Adams, Maryland's Influence, 152–159. — Proposed New States: Theodore Roosevelt, Winning of the West, III; W. L. Stone, Poetry and History of Wyoming; E. D. Warfield, Constitutional Aspects of Kentucky's Struggle for Autonomy (American Historical Association, Papers, IV, 349–368); J. M. Ramsay, Annals of Tennessee; F. J. Turner in American Historical Review, I, 70-87, 251-269.

Sources. ACTS OF CESSION AND ORDINANCES OF CONGRESS: Bioren and Duane, Land Laws of the United States, I; Journals of Congress and Secret Journals; Donaldson's Public Domain, 87 et seq.; Hickey, United States Constitution, 418; American History Leaflets, Nos. 5, 16, 22; Poore, Charters and Constitutions: Old South Leaflets, No. 13; H. W. Preston, Documents Illustrative of American History. — CONTEMPORARY DISCUSSIONS: James Madison, Papers, I; George Washington, Writings (Sparks edition), VIII, IX; Cutlers, Life and Journals of Manasseh Cutler; "Connecticut Farmer," Remarks on a Pamphlet; Thomas Paine, Public Good; W. T. Smith, St. Clair Papers, I, Ch. i; George Bancroft, History of the Constitution, I, II, Appendices, passim.

Bibliography. — J. Winsor, America, VII, 528-539; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 34, 920; G. E. Howard, Local Constitutional History, I, 141, 410; J. B. McMaster, History, III, 117; H. B. Adams, Maryland's Influence, 48; Thomson, Bibliography of Ohio, No. 933; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 41. Notes to Bancroft, Curtis, McMaster, etc., and also to special authorities.

§ 151.]

Territory and Finances.

§ 151. Finances of the Confederation, 1781-1788.

319

Summary. System: boards (see § 149); 1781-84, Morris's administration; 1781, May 26, Bank of North America. — Currency: paper money; 1784, Jefferson's plan of coinage; ordinance of 1786. — Resources: post-office; requisitions; failure of the system. Loans: outstanding in 1783; foreign; Dutch; domestic; depreciation. — Expenditures: half pay; 1783, March 17, Newburg addresses; running expenses. Financial amendments (see § 154): 1781, five-per-cent scheme; 1783, revenue scheme; 1786, revenue scheme revived.

General. - R. Hildreth, History, III, Chs. xlv, xlvi; J. Pitkin, History, II, Chs. xvi, xvii; W. G. Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, Ch. viii, and History of American Currency, 43–57; Jared Sparks, Life of Gouverneur Morris, I, Chs. xvi, xvii; Theodore Roosevelt, Gouverneur Morris, 99-108; J. Story, Commentaries, § 254; S. H. Gay, James Madison, 35-49; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 189–208. — See §§ 139, 141, 158.

Special. W. G. Sumner, Financier and Finances of the American Revolution, I, Chs. xiii-xv; II, Chs. i-xxv; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History of the United States, I, Chs. vii-x (History of the Constitution, I, 155-248); J. B. McMaster, History, I, Chs. ii-iv; J. C. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, I, Chs. xi, xiii, xv; G. Bancroft, History of the United States (last revision), VI, 24-30, 59-86, 192; (History of the Constitution, I, 21–45, 76–113, 263); Chas. R. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, I, Chs. vi, vii; J. Elliot, Funding System, 59–61, 91, 92; W. C. Rives, Life and Times of James Madison, II, Ch. xxiv ; A. S. Bolles, Financial History of the United States, I, 267–359; Wm. Hill, First Stages of the Tariff Policy of the United States; C. H. J. Douglass, Financial History of Massachusetts; W. Z. Ripley, Financial History of Virginia; T. K. Worthington, Historical Sketch of the Finances of Pennsylvania; W. E. H. Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, IV, 95-250.

Sources. American State Papers, Finance, I; Journals of Congress, VII-XIII, passim; Alexander Hamilton, Works (J. C. Hamilton edition), I; James Madison, Papers, I; George Washington, Writings, (Sparks edition), VIII, IX, passim; James V. Varnum, Case of Trevett against Weeden; Samuel Osgood in Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, V, 470; Dickeson, American Numismatic Manual, Pl. xi.