History, II, III); T. MacCoun, Historical Geography; Scribner's Statistical Atlas; Scribner's Citizen's Atlas. Many histories have historical maps, especially those by Winsor, Parkman, McMaster, and Henry Adams.

Sources.

- Travels and contemporary descriptions (see § 24). Texts of boundary and cession treaties, in Treaties and Conventions of the United States. Text of acts creating and admitting States, in Statutes at Large. Claims and negotiations in American State Papers, Foreign Affairs, and appendices to Annals of Congress; later papers, in Executive Documents, especially Diplomatic Correspondence ("Foreign Affairs"). Many reprints in Donaldson's Public Domain, and in American History Leaflets, Nos. 6, 16, 22.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, passim; Henry Gannett, Mother Maps of the United States; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 1; lists of maps in library catalogues (see § 16).

§ 145. People of the United States, 1606-1895.

;

Summary. Race elements: aborigines (§ 81); predominance of Anglo-Saxons; Germans; Dutch; Scotch and Scotch-Irish; French; miscellaneous; Negroes. Foreign born: number children of foreign-born.-Immigration: numbers; causes; principal races; distribution. Population: numbers; distribution. Legal term, "People of the United States.". - Occupations. Proportions by age and sex. Character: energy; resourcefulness; fairness; love of "big things "; contempt for expert opinion.

General. — James Bryce, American Commonwealth, especially II, Pts. iv, vi; J. D. Whitney, The United States, Pt. vi; H. C. Lodge, English Colonies in North America, especially Chs. ii, xviii; J. B. McMaster, People of the United States, I, Ch. i; N. S. Shaler, The United States (especially Chs. x-xv); A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in the United States, passim; Epochs of American History, I, Chs. v, viii, x; II, Ch. i; III, Ch. i; H. Everett, America (1827); George Tucker, Progress of the United States (1841); Edward Eggleston, articles in the Century (1882– 85). — See Part II, §§ 92, 130, 133, 167, 181, 296.

Special. Race elements: A. Carlier, République Américaine, I, Livre v; Friedrich Ratzel, Vereinigten Staaten, II; E. Channing, History of the United States, Ch. i. — Immigration: Richmond Smith, Emigra

§ 146.]

People and Political Traditions.

311 tion and Immigration; J. D. Whitney, The United States, I, Pt. vi, and Supplement I, pp. 1-24. Population F. B. Dexter, Estimates of Population of the American Colonies; Henry Gannett, in Compendium of the Eleventh Census; Tenth Census, I (Population). — Distribution : Maps showing density of population at decennial periods, in Tenth Census, I; Scribner's Statistical Atlas; T. Roosevelt, Winning of the West; N. S. Shaler, Nature and Man in the United States. - Constitutional People of the United States": H. Von Holst, Constitutional Law, $$ 9, 15, 20; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 36–39; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, §§ 90-95 (see also § 156).

१९

Sources.

Travels and descriptions of the country (see § 24). Publications of the United States Census Bureau, especially Tenth Census, Population (with maps); Eleventh Census, Bulletins Nos. 194, 201, 202, 357, and Compendium, I, Tables I a-b. Population: Statistical Abstract of the United States (Tables on Immigration).

Bibliography.- Bowker and Iles, Reader's Guide, 81-85; Epochs of American History, I, §§ 39, 74, 90; II, § 1; III, § 1.

§ 146. English Political Institutions to 1775.

Summary. partments.

Conventional view of separation into three deActual government: monarchy, parliament; judges. - Underlying rights of Englishmen : no arbitrary arrest; speedy trial; jury; no taxation except by vote of parliament. Representative institutions: two houses; parliamentary privilege; voting taxes; examining accounts; impeachment. Local self-government: county system; select vestry; parish meeting; relations with central government. — Colonies: charters; control by Crown. -Legislation by parliament: commercial system and navigation Social: ruling classes; material for colonization.

acts.

General. — G. Bancroft, History of the United States (last revision), II, 70-85, 238-251; Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, II, 1-12, 272-279; III, 5-11; E. Channing, The United States, Ch. ii; J. R. Seeley, Expansion of England, 62-72; S. R. Gardiner, Students' History of England, Pt. viii; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 1-32; T. W. Higginson and E. Channing, English History for American Readers; H. Baldwin, General View, 51-55; John Ordronaux, Consti

tutional Legislation, Ch. i; E. C. Mason, Veto Power, §§ 1-7; Eben G. Scott, Development of Constitutional Liberty, Ch. i.- See Part II, especially §§ 93, 114, 133, 134-136.

Special. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765), Book I, Chs. i-x; Joseph Story, Commentaries, §§ 146–188; E. T. Boutmy, English Constitution, Pts. ii, iii; Hannis Taylor, Origin and Growth of the English Constitution, I, 588-616; T. P. TaswellLangmead, English Constitutional History, Chs. xvi, xvii; Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois, Livre XI, Chs. i-vi; R. Gneist, History of the English Constitution, II, Chs. xliv-lviii, and History of the English Parliament, Ch. vi; E. A. Freeman, Growth of the English Constitution, Ch. iii; J. L. De Lolme, Rise and Progress of the English Constitution (1784), II; James B. Thayer, Cases in Constitutional Law, I, 1-47; W. R. Anson, Law and Custom of the Constitution, I, Chs. ii, iii; II, Ch. 1, § 4, Ch. iii, § 3; R. C. Hurd, Treatise on Habeas Corpus, 65-95; G. C. Beer, Commercial Policy of England toward the American Colonies; Edward Channing, Navigation Laws (in American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, 1890); C. Ellis Stevens, Sources of the Constitution of the United States, Chs. iii, iv, vii.

Sources. — The great constitutional documents printed in TaswellLangmead's English Constitutional History; in G. W. Prothero, Select Statutes and other Constitutional Documents; and in Gardiner's Constitutional Documents. Many of them also in Old South Leaflets, Nos. 5, 6, 23-28. — English Laws to 1715, in Statutes of the Realm (large folio, very rare). — Laws since 1715, see § 29.— Extracts from the Navigation Acts, and the Stamp Act, American History Leaflets, Nos. 19, 21.Colonial charters (see §§ 29, 147).

Bibliography.-Footnotes to the general and special works mentioned above; C. F. Allen, History Topics, 80-95; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 11-13.

§ 147. Colonial Political Institutions.

Summary. Roots in English institutions. Three types of colonial government: charter; proprietary; and provincial. Governments: governors, councils; assemblies; courts. - Local government town; parish; county; mixed systems. - Free institutions: personal freedom; jury trial; self-taxation; suffrage;

$147.]

English and Colonial Institutions.

313

privileges and immunities of Englishmen (see § 146). Effect of new conditions on old constitutions.

General. W. E. H. Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, II, 1-21; R. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 13-28; Crane and Moses, Politics, Chs. viii, ix; C. Ellis Stevens, Sources of the Constitution, Chs. i, iv; Woodrow Wilson, The State, §§ 832-861; William Rawle, View of the Constitution, Introduction. E. Channing, The United States, Ch. i; B. A. Hinsdale, American Government, Ch. ii. - See §§ 98, 99, 105, 108, 117, 124, 130, 133.

Special. — COLonial GovernmENT: Joseph Story, Commentaries, §§ 152-178; Hannis Taylor, Origin and Growth of the English Constitution, I, Introduction; H. L. Osgood, England and the Colonies, and Political Ideas of the Puritans (Political Science Quarterly, II, 440-460; VI, 1-28, 201-331); G. E. Howard, Local Constitutional History; C. Borgeaud, Rise of Modern Democracy; A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, I, Chs. iv, v; Douglass Campbell, Origin of American Institutions (American Historical Association, Papers, V, 165–185), and Puritan in Holland, England, and America, Chs. xxii, xxiii; C. Bishop, History of Elections in the American Colonies; W. C. Morey, Genesis of a Written Constitution, and First State Constitutions, and Sources of American Federalism (American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, I, 529–557; IV, 201–232; VI, 197–226); John Fiske, Critical Period of American History, Ch. ii; William Hill, Colonial Tariffs (Quarterly Journal of Economics, VII, 78–100) and First Stages of the Tariff Policy (American Economic Association, Publications, VIII). Several monographs in the Johns Hopkins University, Studies, as follows: P. E. Lauer, Church and State in New England (X, Nos. 2, 3); G. Petrie, Church and State in Maryland (X, No. 4); J. S. Bassett, Constitutional Beginnings in North Carolina (XII, No. 3); G. H. Haynes, Representative and Free Government in Massachusetts (XII, Nos. 8-10); E. L. Whitney, Government of the Colony of South Carolina (XIII, Nos. 1, 2); J. F. Moran, Bi-cameral System (XIII, No. 5).

LOCAL GOVERNMENT: G. E. Howard, Local Constitutional History; Hopkins University, Studies, as follows: Edward Channing, Town and County Government (II, No. 10); E. Ingle, Parish Institutions of Maryland (I, No. 6), and Virginia Local Institutions (III, Nos. 2, 3); J. H. Johnson, Old Maryland Manors (I, No. 7); L. W. Wilhelm, Maryland Local Institutions (III, Nos. 5, 7); I. Elting, Dutch Village Communities

(IV, No. 1); W. E. Foster, Town Government in Rhode Island (IV, Nos. 2, 3); C. M. Andrews, River Towns of Connecticut (VII, Nos. 8-10); A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, Nos. 6, 7, and Puritan Politics (New England Society of Orange, Quarter Century).

Sources. Records of the colonies (see § 29), especially Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Maryland. Transactions of learned societies, especially Massachusetts Historical Society, New York Historical Society, Rhode Island Historical Society. Charters in Poore, Charters and Constitutions (see § 31). Extracts in J. B. Thayer, Cases on Constitutional Law, I, Appendix 5; select charters in Old South Leaflets; H. E. Preston, Documents Illustrative of American History; Wm. Houston, Documents illustrative of the Canadian Constitution; Chalmers, Opinions.

Bibliography.-G. E. Howard, Local Constitutional History, I, 495– 497, and notes; R. G. Thwaites, Colonies, § 1; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 2-5; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, §§ 33b, 42; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 109–117.

§ 148. Colonial Social Institutions and Slavery.

Summary. Race elements: numbers; classes of society. Intellectual life: education; literature; the press. - Religious life churches; theology.. Industries: agriculture; commerce; fisheries; manufactures.— Recreations: social gatherings; amusements; fights. Slavery: whence derived; Indian slave trade; white indentured servants; character of slavery by sections; manumission; sale; fugitives; insurrections.

General. (See Part II, especially §§ 99, 101, 105, 107, 110, 111, 125, 129, 130, 133, 143; Part III, §§ 152, 161.) —SOCIAL: H. C. Lodge, English Colonies in North America, Chs. ii, iv, vi, viii, x, xiii, xv, xvii, xxii; A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Chs. ii, iii; J. B. McMaster, History of the People of the United States, I, Ch. i; Douglass Campbell, Puritan in England, Holland, and America, I, Introduction; Edward Eggleston, Household History of the United States; C. C. Coffin, Old Times in the Colonies; Earle, Sabbath in Puritan New England; H. E. Scudder, Men and Manners in America a Hundred Years ago. - SLAVERY: Henry Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, I, Ch. i; William Chambers, American Slavery, 17-32; Wm. Goodell, Slavery and Anti-slavery, Chs. i-vi (see § 152).