§ 142.] Formation of the Confederation, 1775-1783. 305

Special. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, Ch. xii; H. B. Adams, Maryland's Influence upon the Land Cessions; Pitkin, United States; Tucker, United States; Curtis, History of the Constitution; Story, Commentaries; McMaster, United States, I; George Bancroft, United States (last revision), VI; G. Bancroft, History of the Constitution, I.

Sources. COLONIAL CONGRESSES AND PLANS OF UNION: American History Leaflets, No. 14; Frothingham, Republic, Appendix; Carson, Hundredth Anniversary of the Constitution, II, Appendix (edited by F. D. Stone); Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York (using the index at end of last volume); S. Hopkins, A True Representation of the Plan formed at Albany in 1754, reprinted in Rhode Island Historical Tracts, No. 9; W. E. Foster, Life of Stephen Hopkins, I, 155; biographies and works of Franklin; Hutchinson, Massachusetts, III. See also § 132.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION: Secret Journals, I, 283, 290, 387; Journals of Congress, 1776-77; Works of John Adams; biographies and works of Franklin, Dickinson, Madison, and Hamilton. The "Articles are in Charters and Constitutions, American History Leaflets, No. 20, and many other places.

THE LAND CESSIONS: The claims of the several states to western lands and the cessions can be best studied in the official publications; Charters and Constitutions; American History Leaflet, No. 16, 22 (contain extracts from the Charters, etc.); Hening, Statutes at Large of Virginia, and the collections of other states, cf. § 55; Journals of Congress; Secret Journals of Congress; Winsor, America, VII, Appendix I, entitled Territorial Acquisitions and Divisions; Donaldson, Public Domain (to be used with great caution); Shosuke Sato, Land Question; Herbert B. Adams, Maryland's Influence. Duane's collection of the Laws of the United States contains many things not printed elsewhere; biographies and writings of Madison, Henry, Jefferson, Mason, Washington, Mannasseh Cutler, Pickering, St. Clair; histories of the several states (§ 23), especially of Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut; J. P. Hale, Trans-Allegheny Pioneers; Roosevelt, The Winning of the West; Garrett, South Carolina Land Cession; Gannett, Boundaries of the United States, forming Bulletin of the Geological Survey, No. 13, contains matter relating more especially to state boundaries.

THE FINANCES OF THE REVOLUTION: Journals of Congress; Secret Journals of Congress; Force, American Archives; Bayley, National

Loans of the United States; A. S. Bolles, Financial History of the United States, 1774-1789; Phillips, Paper Currency of the Revolution ; Phillips, Continental Paper Money; Sumner, Financier and Finances; Sparks, Gouverneur Morris.

Bibliography. - PLANS OF UNION: Winsor, in his America, V, 611; W. E. Foster, Life of Stephen Hopkins, II, Appendix G.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION: Winsor, America, VI, 274 and 654, VII, Ch. iii, footnotes.

LAND CESSIONS: Winsor, America, VII, Appendix I; Sato, Land Question, p. 27.

FINANCES OF THE REVOLUTION: Winsor, America, VII, 81, and Winsor, Hand-Book of the Revolution, 242.

§ 143. The State Constitutions, 1775-1781.

Summary.—1775, The colonial governments. — 1776, Advice of Congress. 1776-77, Formation of the early state constitutions, especially those of New Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and (1780) Massachusetts. Modes of formation and ratification; history of the ideas of constitutional conventions and popular ratification. Leading principles set forth in these constitutions. Relations of Congress

to the states. Were the states sovereign?. than the states?— Later state constitutions.

General.

- Is the Union older

Frothingham, Republic, 441-444, 447-451, 481, 482, 491493, 561-568; Fiske, Critical Period, Ch. ii; G. Bancroft, United States, IX, 142, 143, 194-196, 315, 345, 391-367, 419, 428-434; R. Hildreth, United States, III, 69-76, 89-95, 113–118, 126–131, 135, 161, 183-185, 374-395.

Special. Curtis, History of the Constitution, I, 117; H. Von Holst, Constitutional Law; Hitchcock, State Constitutions; Horace Davis, American Constitutions; J. F. Jameson, Introduction to the History of the States; P. C. Centz, Republic of Republics; Tucker, Lectures on Constitutional Law; J. A. Jameson, Constitutional Conventions; Charles Borgeaud, Premiers Constitutions de la Democratie Américaine, in Annuale de l'École des Sciences Politique; C. Borgeaud, Adoption and

§ 143.] The State Constitutions, 1775-1781.

307

Amendment of Constitutions in Europe and America; C. Borgeaud, Rise of Modern Democracy; J. F. Jameson, Introduction to the Study of the Constitutional and Political History of the United States in Johns Hopkins University, Studies, IV, No. 5; W. C. Morey, Genesis of a Written Constitution and The First State Constitutions in the Annals of the American Academy of Political Science; A. W. Small, Beginnings of American Nationality; J. H. Dougherty, Constitutions of the State of New York, in Political Science Quarterly, III.

Sources. Charters and Constitutions (for the constitutions); Journals of Congress; Secret Journals of Congress; Force, American Archives; J. B. Thayer, Cases in Constitutional Law; standard histories of the several states (including Vermont). The principal sources of information in regard to the formation of the several state constitutions are as follows:

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Belknap, New Hampshire; Provincial Papers of New Hampshire; Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Fifth Series ("Belknap Papers") and Proceedings, First Series, I.

MASSACHUSETTS: Alden Bradford, Massachusetts (especially valuable for the account of the proposed constitution of 1778, a copy of which is printed in the Appendix); Journal of the Convention [of 1779–1780]; Report of a Constitution . . . to be laid before the Convention . . . 1779 ; John Adams's Works, IV and IX; John Adams, Defence of the Constitutions of the United States; Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, First Series, V.

NEW YORK: Dunlap, New York; Debates in the New York Conventions; biographies of John Jay and Gouverneur Morris; Jones, New York in the Revolutionary War; J. H. Dougherty, Constitutions of the State of New York, in Political Science Quarterly, III.

NEW JERSEY: Journal of the Convention; Elmer, History of the Constitution adopted in 1776.

PENNSYLVANIA: Proceedings relative to the Conventions; Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, III and IV; biographies and works of Franklin and Joseph Reed.

VIRGINIA: Rowland, Life of George Mason; biographies and writings of Jefferson, Henry, and Madison; Hening, Statutes; Braxton, Address, in Force, American Archives, Fourth Series, VI.

VERMONT: Wm. Slade, compiler, Vermont State Papers, Middlebury, Vt. - Contains the Journal of the Council of Safety, the early journals of the General Assembly, the first constitution, and the laws from 1779 to 1786; E. P. Walter, Records of the Governor and Council of the State of Vermont, 8 vols., Montpelier, 1873-80.- Vol. I contains also the records of the General Conventions, 1775-77, and of the Council of Safety, 1777-78.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VI, 272; W. E. Foster, References to the Constitution, 21

PART III.

TOPICS AND REFERENCES IN UNITED STATES

HISTORY.

XV. GENESIS OF THE UNION.

§ 144. Political Geography of the United States, 1775-1895.

Summary. 1775, English colonies in North America; colonies adherent to the Revolution. — 1778, Rogers Clark's invasion of the Northwest. Boundaries by the Treaty of 1783 disputes under the Treaty to 1871.- Annexations: 1803, Louisiana; 1792-1846, Oregon; 1810-19, Florida; 1845, Texas; 1848, California; 1853, Gadsden Purchase; 1867, Alaska. Boundary disputes, especially: Southern (1783-95); Louisiana (180319); West Florida (1803-12); Maine (1783-1842); Oregon (1805-71). Subdivision into states and territories. Present map.— Possible annexations: Hawaii; Canada; Cuba; Nicaragua; Mexico; San Domingo.

General. Winsor, America, VII, 527-562; A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, I, Ch. i; the standard histories passim, especially Hildreth, Bancroft, McMaster, Schouler, Henry Adams (see § 20). See also §§ 79, 142, 161, 168, 178, 194, 201.

Special. Geographical authorities enumerated in §§ 21, 142; H. Gannett, Boundaries of the United States; J. Morse, American Universal Geography; Winsor, America, VIII; Shosuke Sato, History of the Land Question in the United States in Johns Hopkins University, Studies, IV, Nos. 7-9; F. Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States, passim; B. A. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, Chs. vii-xi. HISTORICAL MAPS (see § 21): E. Channing, The United States; A. B. Hart, Epoch Maps, Nos. 6-14 (same maps in Epochs of American