ARNOLD'S TREASON, 1780: Dawson, Papers concerning the Capture of André; Proceedings of a Board, September 29, 1780 (reprints in Sargent's André and Boynton's West Point); I. N. Arnold, Life of Arnold; Lossing, Two Spies; Dawson, Trial of J. H. Smith; Smith, Narrative; Chandler, American Criminal Trials; Sparks, Life and Treason of Arnold; Parton, Life of Burr; Greene, Nathanael Greene; Jones, New York in the Revolution; Sargent, Life of André; Leake, Life of General Lamb; Memoirs of B. Tallmadge; Lafayette, Memoirs; Marbois, Complot d'Arnold et de Sir Henry Clinton; Rush, Washington in Domestic Life; Baker's edition of Halleck, International Law; Adolphus and Mahon, histories of England; English Historical Review, January, 1890. The best concise account is by Winsor, in his America, VI, 447-468.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, VI, and Winsor, Hand-Book of the Revolution, using the index in each case.

§ 139. The French Alliance.

Summary.-1775, Silas Deane in France; Deane and Beaumarchais. 1776, Franklin, Arthur Lee, and Deane appointed commissioners. - Franklin's career in France. - Effect of Burgoyne's surrender.—1778, The treaties: (1) eventual alliance, (2) commerce. Lord North's conciliatory propositions. - Results of the alliance. — D'Estaing at Newport and Savannah.

General. E. J. Lowell, in Justin Winsor, America, VII, 24-72; Parton, Life of Franklin; Greene, Historical View.

Special. George Bancroft, United States (original edition), Vol. X; Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States; Trescot, Diplomacy of the American Revolution; E. E. Hale, Franklin in France.

Sources. On the negotiations with France, see especially Sparks, Diplomatic Correspondence of the Revolution; Wharton, Digest of International Law; Wharton, Diplomacy of the American Revolution; Force, American Archives; Secret Journals of Congress; Charles Isham, Silas Deane in New York Historical Society, Collections; Charles Isham, in American Historical Association, Proceedings, 1887 (article on Deane); Papers in the Case of Silas Deane; Stillé, Beaumarchais and the Lost Million; Lomenie, Beaumarchais; biographies and writings of Franklin; R. H. Lee, Life of Arthur Lee; Wm. Jay,

§ 140.]

The French Alliance.

301

Life of John Jay; Works of John Adams; Lafayette, Memoirs; Circourt, in Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, XV; Circourt, Action Commune de la France et de l'Amerique; Doniol, Participation de la France à l'Établissement des États-Unis d'Amérique; J. Durand, Docu

ments on the American Revolution.

The treaties are in Treaties and Convention between the United States and Other Powers; Secret Journals, etc.

For the attempts at conciliation and the condition of English politics, 1776-79, see especially the standard English histories (§ 133); Parliamentary History; Rogers, Protests of the Lords; Annual Register; Donne, Correspondence of George III and Lord North; Chatham Correspondence; Fitzmaurice, Life of Shelburne; Albemarle, Memoirs of Rockingham; Bedford Papers; Grenville Papers; Russell, Memoirs of C. J. Fox; Morley, Life of Edmund Burke; Burke, Works; Horace Walpole, Journals; Walpole, Memoirs of George III; Jesse, George Selwyn; Auckland Correspondence; P. O. Hutchinson, Thomas Hutchinson; Campbell, Lord Chancellors (Camden, Loughborough, and Thurlow); Campbell, Lord Chief Justices (Mansfield); Sir G. C. Lewis, Administrations of Great Britain; Earle, Prime Ministers; D. Adams, English Party Leaders.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, VII, footnotes to Chapter i and Critical Essay"; Winsor, Hand-Book of the Revolution.

§ 140. The War in the Southern Department.

Summary, 1778, Seizure of Savannah by the British. 1779, D'Estaing and Lincoln attempt its recovery. — 1780, Charleston captured by Clinton. - The British occupy South Carolina and Georgia. — 1780, August, Battle of Camden. 1780, October, King's Mountain. - 1781, Greene's campaign from Cowpens to Guilford. His later campaigns. Lafayette

and Cornwallis in Virginia. 1780-81, Rochambeau at Newport. — 1781, August-October, The Yorktown campaign.

General. Lecky, England, Ch. xiv; Channing, in Winsor, America, VI, 469-507; Greene, Nathanael Greene, III, Ch. ii (a summary of the earlier campaigns); Parton, Andrew Jackson, Chs. v and vi; Carrington, Battles; Gay, Bryant's Popular History; Parton, Thomas Jefferson; Simms, Francis Marion; Greene, Historical View.

Special. - Ramsay, History of the American Revolution, and the other standard works enumerated in §§ 134, 136, especially Dawson, Battles; Gordon, Revolution, and Stedman, American War; H. P. Johnston, Yorktown Campaign; Lowell, Hessians.

Sources. THE WAR TO SEPTEMBER, 1781: Ramsay, Revolution of South Carolina from a British Province to an Independent State; Moultrie, Memoirs of the American Revolution; McCall's, Jones's, and Stevens's histories of Georgia; Tarleton, Campaigns of 1780 and 1781; Mackenzie, Strictures on Tarleton's History; Hough, Siege of Savannah; Almon, Remembrancer; Bowen, Life of Lincoln; Hough, Siege of Charleston; Charleston Year-Books; Kapp, Life of John Kalb; O. H. Williams, Narrative, in appendix to Johnson, Life of Greene; J. A. Stevens, The Southern Campaign, in Magazine of American History, V; and H. P. Johnston, in ibid., VIII; McRee, Life of Iredell. There are many articles on these Southern campaigns in the Southern Literary Messenger and in the University of North Carolina Magazine.

GREENE'S CAMPAIGNS, 1781-83: Greene, Nathanael Greene, III; Johnson, Life and Services of Nathanael Greene; Henry Lee, Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department; Graham, Life of Daniel Morgan; Horry, Life of Francis Marion; Gibbes, Documentary History; Armstrong, Life of Anthony Wayne; Tarleton, Campaigns; Hamilton, Grenadier Guards; Almon, Remembrancer; Draper, King's Mountain; McSherry, Maryland; Sparks, Correspondence of the Revolution.

THE YORKTOWN CAMPAIGN, 1781: Washington's Writings (either edition); biographies of Washington, especially that by Marshall; Giradin, Continuation of Burk's Virginia (written under Jeffersonian auspices); Calendar of Virginia State Papers; Rochambeau, Memoirs ; Lafayette, Memoirs; Ross, Correspondence of Cornwallis; Tarleton, Campaigns; Kapp, Steuben; Almon, Remembrancer; Magazine of American History, VII; B. F. Stevens, compiler, Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy.

Bibliography.

Winsor, America, VI, 507-555; Winsor, Hand

Book of the American Revolution.

§ 141.]

End of the War.

§ 141. The Treaty of Peace.

303

Summary. Policy of France and Spain during the American war. English politics. 1782, The second Rockingham ministry; Shelburne and Fox.—1782, Negotiations opened at Paris. Oswald and Franklin.— Jay's suspicions of France; were they well founded? The points in dispute. — 1782, November 30, The preliminary articles. The er Separate Article." — 1783, September 3, Definitive treaty signed at Paris. - Provisions as to boundaries, debts, fisheries, and loyalists.

General. Lecky, England, Ch. xv (especially pp. 255-288 of the American edition, Vol. IV); Parton, Franklin; E. E. Hale, Franklin in France; Higginson, Larger History.

Special. The general works on American diplomatic history enumerated under § 139; John Jay, in Winsor, America, VII, Ch. ii; John Jay, The Peace Negotiations of 1782 and 1783; Wharton, Diplomatic Correspondence, Introduction under Franklin, Jay, Marbois, etc.; biographies of Franklin, by Bigelow, Sparks, and Parton; of John Jay, by William Jay and George Pellew; of John Adams, by C. F. Adams and J. T. Morse; of Shelburne, by Fitzmaurice; and of C. J. Fox, by Russell; Freeman Snow, Treaties and Topics in American Diplomacy; Eugene Schuyler, American Diplomacy.

Sources. The Instructions to the American Commissioners, dated June 15, 1781, are in Sparks, Diplomatic Correspondence, X; Wharton, Diplomatic Correspondence, IV, 471, 503, 504, 523; see also Index at end of Vol. VI, under Instructions, Peace Commissioners, etc. See especially the above, and Works of Franklin, John Adams (Vols. I, VII, and VIII), and John Jay; Secret Journals of Congress; Parlia mentary History; Annual Register. The treaties are in Treaties and Conventions, and numerous other places.

STATE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN ENGLAND, 1782: The works on English political history enumerated under § 61; Russell, Life of C. J. Fox; J. Wright, editor, The Speeches of the Right Honorable Charles James Fox; Stanhope (Mahon) Life of William Pitt; Rosebery, William Pitt (Twelve English Statesmen); Buckingham, Courts and Cabinets. See especially Fitzmaurice, Life of Shelburne, III, and Mahon, England, Ch. lxvi.

THE LOYALISTS: G. E. Ellis, in Justin Winsor, America, VII, 185; Sabine, American Loyalists, issued in a revised edition as Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown; A. E. Ryerson, Loyalists of America and their Times; G. A. Ward, editor, Journal . . . of Samuel Curwen, 1775-1784; P. O. Hutchinson, Thomas Hutchinson; Jones, New York in the Revolutionary War; Laws of the State of New York in force against the Loyalists, London, 1786; Joseph Galloway, Candid Examination; Cool Thoughts on the Consequences to Great Britain of American Independence, 1780, reprinted in Library of American Literature, III, 126; histories of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc.; and the standard works, American and English. See also M. C. Tyler, in American Historical Review, I.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VII, 165–184.

§ 142. Formation of the Confederation, 1775-1783.

Summary. Early colonial federations: 1638-40, The Connecticut Towns (§ 121), the New Haven Towns (§ 122), the Rhode Island Towns (§ 119).— 1647, Government established in Rhode Island under "The Incorporation of Providence Plantations" of 1643 (§ 120). — 1643, The United Colonies of New England and the Articles of Confederation (§ 124). — 1684–1756, Colonial congresses and plans of union. -1765, The Stamp Act Congress.—1760-76, Growth of the union sentiment. 1775–81, The Articles of Confederation: 1775, Franklin's draft, 1776, Dickinson's draft; 1777, Articles as agreed to by Congress. —1776-77, Growth of a particularist sentiment. Claims of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia to western lands and their value. Effect of these claims on non-claimant states. Maryland's opposition to the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. - The land cessions. 1781, The Articles ratified by all the states. Their place in the constitutional history of the United States. Form of government under the Articles. — Early attempts to amend. 1776-83, Finances of the Revolution.

General. Greene, Historical View; John Fiske, The Critical Period; Gay, Bryant's Popular History.